The article discusses the statistical likelihood of life existing elsewhere in the universe given the vast number of exoplanets. One of the most important achievements of the work is that results of the Kepler mission significantly reduce the uncertainty in the astronomical parameters of the Drake equation: using a Drake-equation like formalism, the author derived an equation for the abundance of biotic planets as a function of the relatively modest uncertainty in the astronomical data and of the (yet unknown) probability for the evolution of biotic life. While Kepler has provided valuable data, the article points out that the technology for detecting biosignatures or technosignatures is still in its infancy. It discusses the concept of cosmic timescales, suggesting that civilizations may rise and fall over billions of years, meaning we might be looking at the wrong time, forcing us to rethink the search approach. The article advocates for a multidisciplinary approach, combining astronomy, biology, and even philosophy to better understand the conditions necessary for life and intelligence to develop. The article concludes by reiterating that while Kepler has laid the groundwork for understanding the potential for extraterrestrial life, the search for intelligence beyond Earth is still a complex and challenging endeavor. The quest remains not just a scientific challenge but also a philosophical one, prompting humanity to reflect on its place in the cosmos.

This article explores an alternative approach in searching for technosignatures by analyzing anomalies in the light curves of stars observed by the Kepler space telescope. The idea is that advanced civilizations might construct megastructures (e.g., Dyson spheres, orbital rings, or solar panels) that could cause unusual dips in a star's brightness, distinct from natural transits caused by planets or stellar activity, to harness energy or modify their environments. This work is part of the Breakthrough Listen initiative, a comprehensive effort to detect signs of intelligent life in the universe. The researchers used Kepler's long-term photometric data, which records the brightness of stars over time. They focused on stars with irregular or unexplained transit-like signals - automated algorithms were developed to flag light curves with unusual features. By leveraging Kepler's vast dataset, the study aims to identify potential artificial constructs that could indicate the presence of extraterrestrial intelligence. The paper highlights specific examples of anomalous transits, such as KIC 8462852 (Boyajian's Star), which has been widely discussed in the context of potential megastructures. While natural explanations remain plausible, the study emphasizes the need for continued monitoring and analysis: the vast majority of anomalous signals were attributed to known astrophysical phenomena or instrumental effects. The study lays the groundwork for future searches using more sensitive instruments, such as the James Webb Space Telescope and the TESS, which could provide higher-resolution data and improve the chances of detecting potential technosignatures. Beyond the technical details, the study raises profound questions about humanity's place in the universe, forcing us to look at the problem not only from a technical, but also from a philosophical and social point of view.

The article "Space Ethics to Test Directed Panspermia" explores the ethical implications and considerations surrounding the concept of directed panspermia—the hypothesis that life on Earth may have originated from microorganisms or biological material intentionally sent to our planet from elsewhere in the universe. This idea raises profound questions not only about the origins of life but also about our responsibilities as potential agents of life in the cosmos. The article begins by outlining the concept of directed panspermia, which posits that advanced civilizations might intentionally send microbial life to other planets to seed life. This idea challenges traditional views of life's origins and suggests a proactive role for intelligent beings in the universe. The authors discuss various scientific proposals for how such a process could be carried out, including the use of spacecraft to transport extremophiles capable of surviving harsh interstellar condition. A significant part of the article is dedicated to exploring the ethical ramifications of directed panspermia. The authors argue that if humanity were to engage in such activities, it would need to consider several ethical principles:
-  responsibility: there is a moral obligation to ensure that any life we send into space does not harm existing ecosystems or civilizations on other planets;
- consent: the notion of consent becomes complex when discussing non-human entities or ecosystems, especially how to obtain consent from potential extraterrestrial life forms, if they exist? This question challenges anthropocentric views and emphasizes the need for a broader ethical framework;
- long-term consequences: the authors highlight the importance of considering the long-term consequences of introducing Earth-based life into EC environments.
The article also advocates for an interdisciplinary approach to space ethics, combining insights from philosophy, biology, astrobiology, and environmental science. The authors emphasize the need for developing policies that govern space exploration and experimentation with directed panspermia. As technological capabilities advance, it becomes increasingly important to establish international agreements and frameworks that address ethical concerns related to space activities. The article discusses future research directions in both astrobiology and ethics related to directed panspermia. It calls for more rigorous scientific investigation into the feasibility of sending life into space while simultaneously developing ethical guidelines that can adapt as our understanding evolves.

The article "The Search for Extraterrestrial Civilizations: A Scientific, Technical, Political, Social, and Cultural Adventure" provides a comprehensive overview of the multifaceted nature of the search for extraterrestrial life and civilizations (SETI). Being not so much a scientific article in the usual sense of the word, the work is an overview of the search for extraterrestrial civilizations and the author's reflections on the past, present and future of SETI. It emphasizes that this endeavor is not merely a scientific pursuit but also encompasses technical, political, social, and cultural dimensions. The article underscores the interdisciplinary approach required for effective SETI efforts. It argues that the search for extraterrestrial civilizations involves collaboration across various fields, including astronomy, biology, engineering, sociology, and philosophy. Also the authors emphasize the importance of understanding the conditions necessary for life to exist elsewhere in the universe, drawing on astrobiology to inform these efforts. The other significant statement of the work are political implications of SETI: the authors argue that international cooperation is crucial for successful SETI efforts, given that space exploration transcends national boundaries. They discuss existing frameworks for collaboration among nations and highlight potential geopolitical tensions that could arise from discoveries related to extraterrestrial life. The need for policies governing communication with extraterrestrial civilizations is also emphasized. Also the social dimensions of SETI are examined through discussions about public perception and engagement with the search for extraterrestrial life. The authors advocate for public education campaigns to raise awareness about the importance of these efforts and to foster a culture of curiosity about our place in the universe. Philosophical inquiries surrounding SETI are also addressed in the article: the authors discuss existential implications related to humanity's role in the cosmos and how contact with extraterrestrials could reshape our understanding of intelligence, consciousness, and existence itself. Generally, the article presents a thorough examination of SETI as a multifaceted endeavor that extends beyond mere scientific inquiry into profound political, social, cultural, and philosophical realms.

The article "Visions of Human Futures in Space and SETI" explores the intersection of humanity's aspirations for space exploration and the search for extraterrestrial intelligence. It delves into how these two domains inform each other and shape our understanding of potential futures for humanity. It is pointed out that the search for extraterrestrial intelligence is framed as a reflection of human values and aspirations. The authors suggest that SETI embodies our hopes for connection with other intelligent beings, as well as our desire to understand whether we are alone in the universe. The article examines how cultural narratives surrounding space exploration and SETI influence public perception and engagement. The authors discuss various representations of extraterrestrial life in literature, film, and popular culture, highlighting how these narratives shape societal expectations and fears regarding contact with alien civilizations. A significant theme in the article is the philosophical implications of encountering extraterrestrial intelligence. The authors explore questions related to ethics, identity, and existence that arise from the possibility of contact with alien civilizations, emphasizing the need for philosophical inquiry alongside scientific exploration. The article addresses the technological advancements necessary for both space exploration and SETI efforts. It discusses current capabilities in detecting signals from extraterrestrial civilizations while acknowledging the limitations we face. The authors emphasize that technological progress is essential not only for searching for life beyond Earth but also for ensuring humanity's survival as we venture into space. The remarkable feature of this work is that it presents various future scenarios regarding human presence in space and potential contact with extraterrestrial civilizations: they range from optimistic visions of peaceful coexistence to more cautionary tales about conflict or misunderstanding between species. Also the authors highlight the importance of developing ethical frameworks governing interactions with potential extraterrestrial intelligences, including considerations about consent, respect for alien cultures, and the potential consequences of our actions on both sides. Finally, the article emphasizes the need for public engagement in discussions about space exploration and SETI. The authors argue that fostering a sense of shared purpose among diverse stakeholders can enhance support for these initiatives while encouraging broader societal participation in shaping humanity's future in space.

The article "Internalizing Null Extraterrestrial ‘Signals’: An Astrobiological App for a Technological Society" explores the implications of the ongoing lack of detectable extraterrestrial intelligence despite extensive scientific efforts like SETI. The central argument is that the absence of confirmed signals — null signals — carries meaningful scientific and philosophical implications for humanity. A key concept is the "Great Silence" — the observation that, despite the high probability of extraterrestrial civilizations existing (given the vast number of exoplanets), we have not yet found any evidence. The article suggests that this null result should not be dismissed but instead internalized as valuable data. It challenges the assumption that intelligent life must inevitably produce detectable technosignatures, proposing instead that advanced civilizations may operate in ways beyond our current understanding or may self-destruct before achieving interstellar communication. The paper also discusses the sociocultural impact of this silence, arguing that it should prompt deeper reflection on humanity’s technological trajectory. If intelligent life is rare or short-lived, it underscores the fragility of technological civilizations and the need for sustainable development. The absence of ETI contact may serve as an indirect warning about existential risks, such as nuclear war, climate collapse, or uncontrolled AI. One of the most valuable statements of the article critiques the anthropocentric biases in SETI, suggesting that our search methods may be too narrow. ETI might use communication channels or technologies we cannot yet perceive. Thus, the null result encourages broader astrobiological and interdisciplinary approaches.

The article "Reworking the SETI Paradox: METI’s Place on the Continuum of Astrobiological Signaling" delves into the complex relationship between the Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence (SETI) and Messaging to Extraterrestrial Intelligence (METI). It examines the implications of actively sending signals into space as opposed to merely listening for signals from potential extraterrestrial civilizations. The article addresses the SETI paradox, which questions why, despite the vastness of the universe and the high probability of extraterrestrial life, we have yet to detect any signals from advanced civilizations. One of the central arguments is that METI should be viewed not as a separate or opposing endeavor to SETI but rather as part of a continuum of astrobiological signaling. The article raises important ethical questions surrounding METI. The decision to send messages into space carries potential risks, including the possibility of attracting hostile civilizations or inadvertently revealing our location to unknown entities. The authors advocate for a careful consideration of these risks and suggest that ethical frameworks should guide METI initiatives. This discussion highlights the need for international cooperation and dialogue among scientists, policymakers, and ethicists regarding how humanity should engage with potential extraterrestrial intelligences. The authors also explore how METI reflects human cultural values and aspirations, emphasizing that METI is not just a scientific endeavor but also a cultural one, reflecting our philosophical inquiries about existence in a broader cosmic context. The article advocates for interdisciplinary approaches in both SETI and METI research. By integrating insights from fields such as philosophy, sociology, anthropology and communication studies, researchers can gain a more nuanced understanding of what it means to communicate across vast distances in space. The paper successfully repositions METI as a natural progression in astrobiology rather than a fringe activity. By situating it within a signaling continuum, it argues that the real paradox is not the silence of aliens, but humanity’s hesitation to speak. Whether METI is wise remains debated, but the article makes a compelling case that inaction is as consequential as action—a crucial insight for a species on the brink of becoming an interstellar civilization. The paper successfully repositions METI as a natural progression in astrobiology rather than a fringe activity. By situating it within a signaling continuum, it argues that the real paradox is not the silence of aliens, but humanity’s hesitation to speak.

The article "Meeting Extraterrestrials: Scenarios of First Contact from the Perspective of Exosociology" delves into the theoretical frameworks and implications surrounding the potential encounter with extraterrestrial civilizations. By employing the lens of exosociology — a field that examines the social, cultural, and behavioral aspects of extraterrestrial life — the authors explore various scenarios of first contact and their implications for humanity. Exosociology is an interdisciplinary field that combines sociology, anthropology, astrobiology, and other disciplines to understand the social dynamics of extraterrestrial civilizations. This framework allows for a nuanced exploration of how different forms of life might interact with one another, emphasizing that encounters with extraterrestrial beings will not only be scientific but also profoundly social and cultural. The authors outline several hypothetical scenarios for first contact, provided by scientific futurology – a branch of the social sciences that emerged in the mid-20th century: the signal scenario, the technosignature scenario, the artifact scenario and the encounter scenario. The article highlights the profound cultural implications that first contact scenarios could have on human society. The authors argue that such encounters could challenge existing belief systems, provoke existential questions about humanity's place in the universe, and lead to significant shifts in social structures. Also it is pointed out that ethics play a crucial role in discussions about first contact. The authors emphasize the need for ethical guidelines governing interactions with extraterrestrial beings. A significant theme in the article is the challenge of communication between species with potentially vastly different languages, cultures, and cognitive frameworks. The authors discuss how misunderstandings could arise from differences in perception and expression, highlighting the importance of developing methods for effective communication. The article raises questions about humanity's readiness for first contact. It suggests that we must engage in self-reflection regarding our own societal values, technological capabilities, and ethical frameworks before attempting to engage with extraterrestrial civilizations. This readiness involves not only scientific preparation but also cultural and philosophical readiness. The authors advocate for interdisciplinary collaboration among scientists, ethicists, sociologists, and policymakers to prepare for potential first contact scenarios effectively. By integrating diverse perspectives, we can develop comprehensive strategies that address both scientific inquiries and societal implications.

The article "Thinking ET: A Discussion of Exopsychology" delves into the emerging field of exopsychology, which seeks to understand the psychological implications of extraterrestrial life and the potential interactions between humans and alien civilizations. This analysis will explore the key themes, concepts, and implications presented in the article, highlighting its significance in both scientific and philosophical contexts. The article begins by defining exopsychology as a multidisciplinary field that combines psychology, sociology, anthropology, and astrobiology to study the potential psychological characteristics of extraterrestrial beings. It emphasizes that understanding alien psychology is crucial for preparing for possible contact with intelligent life forms beyond Earth. The scope of exopsychology includes not only the study of hypothetical alien minds but also how humans might react to and interpret encounters with such beings. The authors discuss various psychological models that could be applied to understand extraterrestrial intelligence. These models draw on existing theories in human psychology but must be adapted to account for the fundamentally different evolutionary paths that alien species may have taken. The article explores concepts such as intelligence, communication styles, social structures, and emotional responses in potential extraterrestrial civilizations. A significant theme in the article is the importance of cultural context in shaping both human perceptions of extraterrestrials and the potential cultures of alien civilizations. The authors argue that our understanding of intelligence and behavior is deeply influenced by our own cultural backgrounds, which may not be applicable when considering non-human intelligences. The ethical implications of exopsychology are explored in depth.  The discussion emphasizes that ethical engagement is essential for fostering peaceful coexistence and mutual understanding. The article also examines how humans might psychologically respond to the discovery or contact with extraterrestrial life. The authors argue that incorporating psychological insights into SETI efforts can enhance our understanding of what types of signals or communications we might expect from intelligent life forms. This perspective encourages researchers to think beyond traditional scientific parameters when considering what constitutes intelligence or meaningful communication.

The article "Reliability Analysis of Monitoring System for Extraterrestrial Habitat Using CTMC and Empirical Evaluation" assesses the reliability of monitoring systems designed to support extraterrestrial habitats through the application of Continuous-Time Markov Chains (CTMC) and empirical evaluation methods. The article discusses the importance of effective monitoring systems for ensuring the safety and sustainability of habitats in extraterrestrial environments, such as those on Mars or the Moon. It introduces the use of Continuous-Time Markov Chains as a mathematical framework to model the reliability and performance of these monitoring systems. Autors focuse on key reliability metrics, such as failure rates, recovery times, and overall system performance, to provide a comprehensive understanding of how well these systems can function in extraterrestrial settings. The findings have significant implications for future space missions, highlighting the necessity of reliable monitoring systems to ensure the safety of astronauts and the success of long-term habitation efforts beyond Earth. Even though the work is motivated by extreme conditions of extraterrestrial habitats, it could also be used in other applications on Earth, like monitoring of mining sites, submarines, robotics, aerospace engineering, etc., where failure could be life-threatening.

The article "Exploring the Use of Generative AI in the Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence (SETI)" discusses how artificial intelligence (AI), particularly generative models, can enhance the search for extraterrestrial life.Traditional SETI methods rely on scanning vast amounts of radio telescope data for anomalous signals. Generative AI can improve this by identifying complex, non-random patterns that may indicate intelligent origin, reducing false positives and uncovering subtle signals missed by conventional algorithms. One of the benefits of this method is that AI can create synthetic extraterrestrial signals to train detection systems, improving their ability to recognize potential alien transmissions, which helps refine search strategies and prepares researchers for diverse signal types. If an extraterrestrial signal is detected, AI could assist in deciphering its structure or meaning. Large language models (LLMs) might analyze linguistic or mathematical patterns, offering insights into possible communication forms. The other benefit ot the AI is that it accelerates data processing from telescopes, handling massive datasets more efficiently than human analysts. Also the article acknowledges risks, such as AI misinterpreting natural phenomena as artificial or biases in training data leading to flawed conclusions. Ethical concerns include the potential for AI to autonomously respond to signals without human oversight. The authors emphasize the importance of interdisciplinary collaboration between AI experts and astrophysicists to maximize the potential benefits of this technology. They argue that integrating generative AI into SETI efforts could lead to breakthroughs in our understanding of the universe. Another great advantage is the open source of the proposed model, which can be found at the link in the article.

The article "The Breakthrough Listen Search for Intelligent Life: 1.1-1.9 GHz Observations of 692 Nearby Stars" details an initiative within the Breakthrough Listen project, presenting the findings from a comprehensive survey of 692 nearby stars, focusing on radio frequencies between 1.1 and 1.9 GHz, a range believed to be optimal for detecting potential extraterrestrial communications. The authors describe the methodology employed in this extensive observational campaign, which utilized advanced radio telescopes to scan the selected stars for narrowband signals that could indicate artificial origins. This frequency range was chosen due to its low background noise and the likelihood that advanced civilizations might use it for communication. The results of the observations are discussed in detail, highlighting that no confirmed extraterrestrial signals were detected during the survey period: nearby civilizations either are not broadcasting strong radio signals in this frequency range or use transmission schemes not detectable by current methods (e.g., pulsed, broadband, or highly directional beams). However, the article emphasizes the importance of these findings in the context of SETI research, as they provide valuable data on the types of signals that can be expected from nearby stars and help refine future search strategies.

The article "The Breakthrough Listen Search for Intelligent Life: A Wideband Data Recorder System for the Robert C. Byrd Green Bank Telescope" discusses the development and implementation of an advanced wideband data recording system designed to enhance the capabilities of the Green Bank Telescope (GBT) in the search for extraterrestrial intelligence. The main point of the article is to detail how this new system significantly improves the telescope's ability to capture and analyze a broader range of radio frequencies, thereby increasing the chances of detecting signals from potential extraterrestrial civilizations. The authors explain that traditional SETI efforts often relied on narrowband observations, which limited the scope of detectable signals. In contrast, the wideband data recorder allows for simultaneous monitoring across a much larger frequency range, enabling researchers to identify a wider variety of potential signals that might indicate intelligent life. The article also outlines the technical specifications and operational features of the new system, including its high data throughput and real-time processing capabilities. These advancements facilitate more efficient data collection and analysis, allowing scientists to sift through vast amounts of information quickly. Furthermore, the authors discuss how this enhanced observational capacity aligns with the broader goals of the Breakthrough Listen initiative, which aims to conduct one of the most comprehensive searches for extraterrestrial intelligence ever undertaken.

The article "The Breakthrough Listen Search for Intelligent Life: Wide-bandwidth Digital Instrumentation for the CSIRO Parkes 64-m Telescope" presents a comprehensive overview of the technological advancements made in the instrumentation of the Parkes Telescope, which is a key asset in the ongoing search for extraterrestrial intelligence. The introduction of wide-bandwidth digital instrumentation marks a significant shift in how radio signals are detected and analyzed. Traditional SETI efforts often focused on narrowband signals, which limited the range of frequencies that could be monitored simultaneously. The new system allows for a much broader frequency coverage, enabling researchers to capture a wider array of potential signals. The recording system currently implements two modes: a dual-polarization, 1.125 GHz bandwidth mode for single beam observations, and a 26-input, 308 MHz bandwidth mode for the 21-cm multibeam receiver. The system is also designed to support a 3 GHz single-beam mode for the forthcoming Parkes ultra-wideband feed. The article emphasizes not only the increased bandwidth but also the enhanced data processing capabilities that come with modern digital technology. The ability to process large volumes of data in real-time is essential for SETI, as it allows scientists to quickly identify and analyze potential signals of interest. This capability is particularly important given the vastness of space and the sheer number of stars and planets that could potentially harbor intelligent life. By expanding the range of frequencies monitored, researchers can improve their statistical models regarding the likelihood of detecting extraterrestrial signals. This instrumentation upgrade represents a major advancement in radio SETI capabilities, substantially improving the Parkes Telescope's ability to conduct comprehensive searches for extraterrestrial intelligence while establishing new standards for wideband SETI observations.

The article "Alternative Standard Frequencies for Interstellar Communication" explores potential frequency bands beyond the traditional hydrogen line (1420 MHz) and water hole (1.4–1.7 GHz) that could be optimal for interstellar communication. While the hydrogen line (21 cm) has been a natural choice due to its cosmic significance, it faces challenges, including radio interference from Earth-based sources and natural astrophysical noise. The authors propose several alternative frequency bands, including those in the optical and infrared ranges, which may offer unique advantages: low-frequency radio (30–300 MHz, less affected by interstellar scattering, potentially useful for long-distance communication), Submillimeter/Terahertz (0.3–3 THz, offers high data rates but is susceptible to dust absorption), Infrared/Optical (near-IR to visible light, laser-based communication (e.g., optical SETI) allows narrow, high-energy beams with minimal interference, though requiring precise targeting). The article suggests establishing new interstellar "water holes" — quiet, universally recognizable frequency bands—to improve the chances of mutual detection between civilizations. While the hydrogen line remains a foundational reference, alternative frequencies (radio, terahertz, infrared or optical) may offer better efficiency, reduced interference, and higher data rates for interstellar messaging. Future SETI efforts could benefit from multi-spectral approaches to maximize the likelihood of detecting or communicating with extraterrestrial intelligence.

The article "Searching the SN 1987A SETI Ellipsoid with TESS" investigates the use of NASA’s Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) to monitor stars located within the SETI Ellipsoid - theoretical region in space where civilizations could have seen the supernova and had enough time to transmit a response that would now be reaching us - around Supernova 1987A (SN 1987A) for potential technosignatures. The main idea of the article is to propose a targeted observational strategy using TESS to explore this space area for potential signs of intelligent life. SN 1987A, located in the Large Magellanic Cloud, is notable for being one of the closest observed supernovae, providing a rich field for astronomical study. The autohrs propose that if an advanced extraterrestrial civilization observed SN 1987A, they might use it as a timing marker to send signals to Earth. The study analyzed TESS data for stars within the SN 1987A ellipsoid; while no definitive technosignatures were detected, the study demonstrated TESS’s potential for SETI by examining a large sample of stars efficiently.
This approach highlights the value of repurposing astrophysical surveys for SETI, expanding the search beyond radio signals, and shows that space telescopes like TESS can play a crucial role in the search for extraterrestrial intelligence by scanning for artificial signatures in starlight.

The article "An Extragalactic Widefield Search for Technosignatures with the Murchison Widefield Array" discusses a groundbreaking initiative to utilize the Murchison Widefield Array (MWA) for the search for technosignatures — indicators of advanced extraterrestrial civilizations — beyond our galaxy. Most SETI efforts focus on our Milky Way, but this study expands the search to nearby galaxies, increasing the potential discovery space for advanced civilizations. The MWA, with its unique capabilities for widefield radio observations, is well-suited for this task. It can scan large areas of the sky simultaneously, allowing researchers to detect faint signals that might indicate technological activity from distant galaxies. The authors scanned for narrowband radio signals between 103–133 MHz, a relatively unexplored frequency range for SETI. They also looked for dispersed pulsed signals (similar to fast radio bursts but with unnatural regularity) and broadband technosignatures. While no confirmed technosignatures were detected, the study established upper limits on extraterrestrial transmitter power in the surveyed galaxies. Challenges included radio frequency interference (RFI) and the difficulty of distinguishing artificial signals from natural astrophysical phenomena at intergalactic distances. The article details the specific techniques employed in this search, including advanced signal processing methods to filter out noise and identify potential technosignatures. The authors also discuss the importance of selecting appropriate frequency ranges that are less likely to be affected by cosmic background noise and interference. The article advocates for an ambitious approach to SETI by leveraging the capabilities of the Murchison Widefield Array to conduct an extragalactic search for technosignatures. This initiative represents a significant step forward in our quest to understand whether intelligent life exists beyond Earth and could potentially lead to groundbreaking discoveries in our understanding of the universe.

The article "A Simultaneous Dual-Site Technosignature Search Using International LOFAR Stations" presents a novel approach to the search for extraterrestrial intelligence by utilizing the international capabilities of the Low-Frequency Array (LOFAR) to conduct simultaneous observations from multiple sites. The article highlights how this dual-site strategy enhances the detection of potential technosignatures — signals or indicators of advanced technological civilizations — by leveraging the strengths of LOFAR's extensive network. It is pointed out that traditional SETI efforts often rely on single-site observations, which can limit the ability to detect faint or transient signals that may be obscured by local noise or interference. By employing a dual-site approach, researchers can cross-validate findings and improve signal-to-noise ratios, increasing the likelihood of identifying genuine technosignatures. The article details how LOFAR's unique design allows for high sensitivity and wide bandwidth, making it particularly effective for searching for radio signals in the low-frequency range. The study simultaneously used LOFAR stations in Ireland (I-LOFAR) and Sweden (LOFAR SE) to observe the same target stars, enabling cross-verification of potential signals and improved interference rejection. The research was focused on nearby exoplanet-hosting stars within 50 light-years, including the TRAPPIST-1 system, scanning frequencies between 110-190 MHz -  a relatively underexplored range for SETI that avoids Earth's most congested radio bands. This study represents a significant advancement in observational SETI methodology, demonstrating how geographically distributed radio telescopes working in concert can enhance the search for extraterrestrial intelligence while effectively managing the perennial challenge of RFI. By utilizing international resources and coordinated efforts, researchers aim to improve their chances of detecting technosignatures, thereby contributing to our understanding of whether intelligent life exists beyond Earth. While confirmed technosignatures were detected, the study demonstrated the effectiveness of simultaneous multi-site observations for SETI.

The article "First SETI Observations with China’s Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical radio Telescope (FAST)" discusses the initial efforts of using the world's largest single-dish radio telescope, FAST, in the search for extraterrestrial intelligence. With its 500-meter aperture, FAST offers unprecedented sensitivity, making it ideal for detecting weak radio signals that could indicate extraterrestrial technology. Its high gain and wide frequency coverage (70 MHz–3 GHz) enhance its ability to identify narrowband signals, a potential technosignature. The study outlines FAST's first targeted SETI search, focusing on exoplanet-hosting stars and nearby galaxies. The telescope's advanced backend systems allow for real-time signal processing, filtering out terrestrial interference while flagging candidate signals for further analysis. The article highlights FAST’s potential for deeper and wider SETI surveys, including commensal (simultaneous) observations with other astronomical research. Upcoming upgrades could improve its sensitivity and data processing efficiency. The study underscores FAST’s role as a leading instrument in the global SETI effort. While initial observations have not yet detected extraterrestrial signals, the telescope’s future surveys could significantly enhance the chances of discovering intelligent life beyond Earth.

The article "A VERITAS/Breakthrough Listen Search for Optical Technosignatures" details a collaborative effort between the VERITAS (Very Energetic Radiation Imaging Telescope Array System) gamma-ray observatory and the Breakthrough Listen initiative to search for optical technosignatures — brief, pulsed laser signals that could indicate extraterrestrial intelligence. VERITAS, designed for gamma-ray astronomy using Imaging Atmospheric Cherenkov Telescopes (IACTs), was repurposed for optical SETI. Its fast photomultiplier detectors and large mirror area enable it to capture ultra-short optical pulses, making it uniquely suited for detecting transient, high-intensity laser signals. The study focuses on detecting nanosecond-to-microsecond laser pulses, which could serve as deliberate interstellar communication or propulsion beacons. Unlike traditional radio SETI, this approach leverages optical wavelengths, offering advantages like higher data rates and reduced interstellar interference. Observations targeted 247 nearby stars, prioritizing systems with known exoplanets or those in the Breakthrough Listen catalog. The survey spanned 140 hours, covering a range of stellar types and distances (up to ~160 parsecs). The team analyzed high-time-resolution data to identify pulsed signals against background noise, such as cosmic rays and atmospheric phenomena. Despite null results, the project demonstrates the feasibility of repurposing IACTs for optical SETI and expands the search parameter space.

The article "Modeling Indications of Technology in Planetary Transit Light Curves – Dark-Side Illumination" explores the potential for detecting technosignatures through the analysis of light curves from transiting exoplanets. The work proposes a novel approach to identifying signs of advanced civilizations by examining variations in light that may indicate artificial illumination on the dark side of a planet during its transit across a star. The authors suggest that analyzing the light curves produced when a planet transits its host star can reveal additional information about the planet's surface characteristics, including potential artificial lighting. The concept of "dark-side illumination" refers to the possibility that advanced civilizations might illuminate their planet's night side for various purposes, such as energy generation or urban development. The article details the modeling techniques used to simulate how such artificial lighting would affect observed light curves, including factors like the intensity and distribution of light sources. The study quantifies the sensitivity required for current and future telescopes (e.g., JWST, ELT) to detect such signals. Even advanced civilizations with Earth-like illumination levels would require instruments capable of detecting flux variations as small as ~0.1–1 ppm, posing significant technological challenges. The article advocates for incorporating this innovative approach into SETI research by utilizing existing transit data from missions like TESS and Kepler. By focusing on dark-side illumination as a potential technosignature, researchers may enhance their ability to detect signs of intelligent life beyond Earth, thereby expanding our understanding of planetary systems and the possibilities for life in the universe. While no such signals have been observed yet, the work establishes a methodology for future searches. It highlights the importance of high-precision photometry and spectroscopy in upcoming missions, which could expand SETI beyond radio and optical wavelengths to time-resolved transit observations.

The article "Signal Synchronization Strategies and Time Domain SETI with Gaia DR3" investigates innovative approaches to synchronize and detect potential extraterrestrial technosignatures by leveraging data from the Gaia mission’s third data release (DR3). Gaia’s precise positional and kinematic data for over a billion stars provides a foundation for predicting when and where extraterrestrial civilizations might align signals with Earth. The study proposes using stellar motions to identify optimal synchronization points—e.g., moments when a star’s position relative to Earth could facilitate directed communication. The authors explore this framework with several nearby SNe as source events for signal synchronization to select candidates with crossing times within the time range of available Gaia epoch photometry, and perform a variability analysis on the well-parametrized subset of eclipsing binary candidate systems. Traditional SETI often focuses on continuous or periodic signals, but this work emphasizes transient or pulsed signals synchronized to specific astronomical events (e.g., planetary transits). Gaia’s high-precision parallax and velocity measurements enable backward/forward modeling of stellar trajectories, identifying time windows when hypothetical civilizations might transmit signals timed to Earth’s observational vantage point. The article explores scenarios where extraterrestrial senders could exploit natural celestial events (e.g., supernovae, gamma-ray bursts) as synchronization beacons or align transmissions with Earth’s detectability periods. Gaia’s data allows testing these hypotheses by correlating potential signal timing with astrometric events. By cross-referencing Gaia DR3’s stellar catalog with historical and future astrometric alignments, the study identifies high-priority targets for time-domain SETI. This approach narrows the search to stars where synchronization strategies are most feasible. The vastness of Gaia’s dataset introduces computational challenges, requiring automated pipelines to flag anomalies. The authors address sensitivity limits, noting that even advanced civilizations would need to emit extraordinarily powerful or precisely timed signals to be detectable over interstellar distances. Despite the difficulties One of the main benefits of this framework is establishing a methodology for integrating astrometric data into SETI.

The article "Model of the Search For Extraterrestrial Intelligence with Coronagraphic Imaging" focuses on the application of coronagraphic imaging techniques to enhance the search for extraterrestrial intelligence. The primary objective is to demonstrate how advanced imaging methods can improve our ability to detect exoplanets and analyze their atmospheres for potential signs of life or technological activity. Coronagraphy is a technique that allows astronomers to block out the overwhelming light from a star, enabling the observation of faint light from surrounding planets. This capability is crucial for identifying biosignatures — chemical indicators of life — and technosignatures, which are signs of advanced civilizations. The authors propose a comprehensive model that integrates coronagraphic imaging with existing SETI methodologies. The study emphasizes searching for non-natural light sources or geometric anomalies in planetary systems. Examples include artificial illumination on a planet’s night side, industrial-scale energy harvesting structures, or intentional laser pulses aimed at interstellar communication. The target observational stars were based on Sun-like, planet-hosting stars within 20 pc of Earth. The most notable result was the detection limit for a G5V star with four known exoplanets, two of those within the habitable zone. In conclusion, the article advocates for incorporating coronagraphic imaging into SETI efforts as a promising strategy for discovering extraterrestrial intelligence. By leveraging innovative observational techniques, astronomers can expand their understanding of potentially habitable worlds and improve their chances of finding life beyond Earth.

The article "A Search for Laser Emission with Megawatt Thresholds from 5600 FGKM Stars" presents a systematic investigation into the potential detection of laser emissions from a large sample of stars classified as FGKM, which includes F-type, G-type, K-type, and M-type stars. The study focuses on stars within our galactic neighborhood, specifically targeting approximately 5,600 FGKM stars that are relatively close to Earth. The primary aim of the study is to explore the feasibility of identifying artificial laser signals that could indicate the presence of advanced extraterrestrial civilizations - laser emissions are highly directional and can be produced at specific wavelengths, making them distinct and potentially detectable over vast distances. The article details the methodology used to filter out background noise and distinguish potential laser signals from other sources of light. This involved analyzing light curves and spectral data to identify any anomalies that could suggest artificial origins. One significant aspect of the research is its consideration of various types of stars within the FGKM classification. Each type has different characteristics that may influence the likelihood of hosting advanced civilizations capable of producing detectable laser emissions. For instance, G-type stars like our Sun are considered prime candidates due to their stability and potential for habitable planets. In contrast, M-type stars (red dwarfs) are abundant in the galaxy but present unique challenges due to their variability and lower luminosity. Observations were conducted using high-resolution optical spectrometers, such as those on the Automated Planet Finder Telescope, which can detect nanosecond-to-second laser pulses. While no definitive laser signals were detected during this study, the authors emphasize that their work lays a foundation for ongoing searches by refining methodologies and improving detection techniques. They advocate for continued exploration using both ground-based and space-based observatories equipped with advanced technologies capable of identifying faint signals amidst cosmic background noise.

The article "The Breakthrough Listen Search for Intelligent Life: Searching Boyajian’s Star for Laser Line Emission" details a focused investigation into the Boyajian’s Star (KIC 8462852), which has garnered significant attention due to its unusual light fluctuations. The primary objective of this study is to explore the possibility that these irregularities could be indicative of artificial structures or technologies, specifically through the detection of laser line emissions that might suggest the presence of extraterrestrial intelligence. Boyajian’s Star, located approximately 1,480 light-years away in the constellation Cygnus, has exhibited peculiar dimming patterns that have led to various hypotheses regarding its nature. While some explanations involve natural astrophysical phenomena such as dust clouds or a swarm of comets, it has been speculated about the potential for advanced civilizations constructing megastructures around the star. The Breakthrough Listen Initiative, a comprehensive program aimed at searching for signs of intelligent life beyond Earth, chose to investigate this star as part of its broader mission.The researchers utilized a range of radio telescopes and observational techniques to scan for narrowband signals that could indicate artificial sources. Laser emissions are particularly interesting because they can be highly directional and concentrated at specific wavelengths, making them easier to detect against cosmic background noise compared to other forms of radiation. The authors focused on identifying megawatt-level laser emissions, which would be consistent with advanced technological capabilities. By analyzing data collected over multiple observing sessions, they aimed to filter out noise and distinguish potential signals from natural astrophysical sources. One key aspect discussed in the article is the significance of Boyajian’s Star as a target for SETI research. Its unique light curve has prompted speculation about possible artificial origins, making it an ideal candidate for such investigations. The authors highlight that while no definitive signals were detected during their observations, the search contributes valuable data to ongoing discussions about the nature of the star and its potential as a host for intelligent life. The article also addresses broader implications for future SETI efforts, underscoring the necessity of refining observational techniques and expanding searches to include other stars with unusual characteristics.

The work "The G Infrared Search for Extraterrestrial Civilizations with Large Energy Supplies" is an anthology of 4 articles dedicated to discuss a novel approach to the search for extraterrestrial intelligence by focusing on the detection of infrared emissions that could indicate the presence of advanced civilizations harnessing significant energy resources. The authors propose that civilizations capable of utilizing large amounts of energy would likely produce detectable waste heat, which could be observed in the infrared spectrum. The central premise of the study is that as civilizations advance, their energy consumption increases, leading to the generation of excess heat, which can escape into space and may be detectable by sensitive infrared telescopes. Infrared radiation is less affected by cosmic background noise compared to radio waves, which can be obscured by various astrophysical phenomena. By focusing on infrared emissions, researchers can potentially detect signals that would otherwise be lost in the noise of the universe; this makes infrared observations particularly valuable for identifying civilizations that may not emit strong radio signals but still produce significant thermal emissions. The authors outline a systematic methodology for conducting this infrared search, detailing the specific wavelengths and observational techniques that would be most effective in identifying potential signals from extraterrestrial sources. They discuss the advantages of using infrared observations over traditional radio searches, as infrared emissions can provide insights into both the energy output and technological capabilities of distant civilizations. The article highlights previous efforts in SETI and how they have primarily focused on radio frequencies, suggesting that expanding the search to include infrared wavelengths could yield new opportunities for discovery. The authors argue that this approach could help identify not only technologically advanced civilizations but also those at various stages of development based on their energy consumption patterns.

This is the first work of anthology - "Background and justification".

This is the second work of anthology - "Framework, strategy, and first result".

This is the third work of anthology - "The reddest extended sources in WISE".

This is the fourth work of anthology - "The signatures and information content of transitting megastructures".

The article "Bayesian Approach to SETI" discusses the application of Bayesian statistical methods to the search for extraterrestrial intelligence. The main focus of the work is the Bayesian framework which can enhance our understanding of the probabilities associated with detecting extraterrestrial signals and improve decision-making processes in SETI research. The article introduces Bayesian statistics as a powerful tool for updating beliefs based on new evidence. In the context of SETI, this approach allows researchers to incorporate prior knowledge about the likelihood of extraterrestrial life and adjust their expectations as new data becomes available. By applying Bayesian methods, SETI researchers can quantify uncertainties related to various factors, such as the prevalence of intelligent life, the likelihood of civilizations developing technology, and the chances of detecting their signals. This probabilistic reasoning helps in assessing the effectiveness of different search strategies. The article emphasizes that a Bayesian approach can improve signal detection methodologies by allowing researchers to evaluate the probability of a signal being of extraterrestrial origin versus being a false positive or noise, which is crucial for distinguishing genuine signals from background interference. The use of Bayesian analysis aids in making informed decisions about resource allocation and search priorities in SETI projects. The article concludes by advocating for the integration of Bayesian methods into ongoing and future SETI initiatives, suggesting that this approach could lead to more effective SETI.

The article "Limits of Detecting Extraterrestrial Civilizations" explores the inherent challenges and limitations faced in the search for extraterrestrial intelligence. The main point is that while the universe is vast and potentially teeming with life, various factors significantly hinder our ability to detect signals from advanced civilizations. One key limitation discussed is the vast distances between stars, which can make communication impractical. Even if a civilization emits a signal, it may take an infinitely long time to reach Earth. Additionally, the article highlights the technological constraints humanity faces; our current detection methods may not be sensitive enough to pick up faint signals or may be limited to specific frequency ranges that extraterrestrial civilizations might not use. The article also addresses the issue of signal noise and interference from natural cosmic phenomena, which can obscure potential extraterrestrial communications. This noise complicates the task of distinguishing genuine signals from background interference. Furthermore, there is uncertainty regarding the nature of extraterrestrial technology; civilizations may use communication methods that are entirely different from our own, making it difficult for us to recognize their signals. Another significant point raised is the temporal aspect is thatcivilizations may rise and fall over cosmic timescales, leading to a lack of overlap between their existence and humanity's. This raises questions about whether we are currently living in a unique period where intelligent life is rare.The work emphasizes that while the search for extraterrestrial life is a compelling endeavor, it is fraught with challenges related to distance, technology, noise, and timing that must be carefully considered in SETI efforts.

The article "On the Abundance of Extraterrestrial Life After the Kepler Mission" examines the implications of data collected by NASA's Kepler Space Telescope for understanding of the prevalence of extraterrestrial life in the universe. It is pointed out that the findings from the Kepler mission significantly enhance our estimates of potentially habitable planets, thereby increasing the likelihood that extraterrestrial life exists. Kepler's primary objective was to identify exoplanets by monitoring stars for periodic dimming caused by planets transiting in front of them. The mission discovered thousands of exoplanets, many of which are located in their stars' habitable zones, where conditions may be suitable for liquid water and, consequently, life as we know it. The authors discuss how statistical analyses of Kepler's data indicate that a significant fraction of stars could host planets within the habitable zone. This leads to a revised understanding of the potential for life beyond Earth, suggesting that billions of potentially habitable planets may exist in the Milky Way alone. While the abundance of potentially habitable planets is encouraging, the article also highlights that it is quite troublesome to confirm the existence of intelligent extraterrestrial life: factors such as planetary conditions, geological activity, and biological evolution play critical roles in determining whether life can arise and thrive. The author suggests that our nearest biotic neighbor exoplanets may be as close as 10 light years. Even with a less optimistic estimate of the biotic probability, for example that biotic life evolves on one in a thousand suitable planets, our biotic neighbor planets may be expected within 100 light years. On the other hand, the distance to the nearest putative civilizations, even for optimistic values of the Drake parameters, is estimated to be thousands of light years.

The article "Signal Coverage Approach to the Detection Probability of Hypothetical Extraterrestrial Emitters in the Milky Way" presents a novel framework for assessing the likelihood of detecting signals from extraterrestrial civilizations within our galaxy. The authors propose a "signal coverage" approach, which focuses on the geometric and probabilistic aspects of how signals propagate through space -a model that calculates how much of our galaxy could realistically be exposed to potential alien transmissions at any given time. This method considers not only the number of potential emitters but also their distribution across the Milky Way, as well as the orientation and strength of their signals. By modeling these variables, the article aims to provide a more accurate estimation of detection probabilities. It is stated that traditional methods of estimating detection probabilities often overlook critical factors related to the spatial distribution and signal characteristics of potential extraterrestrial emitters. One key aspect discussed is the importance of understanding the types of signals that hypothetical civilizations might emit. The article emphasizes that different technologies and communication methods could lead to varying signal strengths and frequencies, which in turn affect our ability to detect them. Additionally, the article highlights the role of observational capabilities, such as telescope sensitivity and coverage area, in determining detection probabilities. The authors show that for general distributions of the signal longevity and directionality, the mean number of detectable emitters is less than one even for detection probabilities as large as 50%, regardless of the number of emitters in the galaxy.

The article "Globular Clusters as Cradles of Life and Advanced Civilizations" explores the possibility that globular clusters — dense collections of stars— could serve as significant environments for the emergence and evolution of life, including advanced civilizations. Traditionally, the search for extraterrestrial life has focused on individual stars and their planetary systems, particularly those within the habitable zones of galaxies. However, this article argues that globular clusters present unique advantages that merit further investigation. Globular clusters contain hundreds of thousands to millions of stars in close proximity. This high stellar density increases the likelihood of interactions between stars, which can enhance the formation of planetary systems, and gravitational influence from neighboring stars may facilitate the capture of gas and dust necessary for planet formation. The article highlights that globular clusters are home to some of the oldest stars in the universe. These stars produce heavier elements through nucleosynthesis, enriching their surroundings when they explode as supernovae; this process creates a fertile environment for planet formation and potentially supports life. If life can emerge in these clusters, it may evolve into advanced civilizations capable of harnessing energy from their densely packed stellar environments. The article concludes by advocating for a shift in the search for extraterrestrial intelligence to include globular clusters as potential hotspots for life and advanced civilizations. By broadening the focus beyond individual stars or solar systems, researchers can enhance their understanding of where intelligent life might exist in the universe.

The article "Intelligent Responses to Our Technological Signals Will Not Arrive In Fewer Than Three Millennia" discusses the challenges and timelines associated with receiving responses from extraterrestrial civilizations to humanity's technological signals. The central argument proposes that given the vast distances between stars and the limitations of current communication technologies, it is highly unlikely that humanity will receive intelligent responses in less than three thousand years. The article emphasizes that having the nearest stars are several light-years away, any signals sent from Earth would take years to reach potential extraterrestrial civilizations. It is pointed out that even if intelligent life exists elsewhere in the galaxy, their technological capabilities may not align with ours -  civilizations may be at different stages of development, which could further delay any potential communication. The likelihood of extraterrestrial civilizations detecting our signals is also low due to the vastness of space and the limited range of our current transmission technologies. The article calls for a long-term perspective in the search for extraterrestrial intelligence. It suggests that humanity should prepare for a prolonged wait for responses, potentially spanning thousands of years.

The article "Onboard Science Instrument Autonomy for the Detection of Microscopy Biosignatures on the Ocean Worlds Life Surveyor" is a large work which discusses advancements in autonomous scientific instruments designed for future missions to ocean worlds, such as Europa and Enceladus, in the search for extraterrestrial life. The focus is on developing onboard systems that can independently analyze samples for biosignatures without relying on constant communication with Earth. The authors highlight the challenges posed by the vast distances involved in space exploration, which can lead to significant delays in data transmission and decision-making. To address this, they propose a suite of autonomous microscopy instruments capable of real-time analysis of environmental samples collected from these icy moons. The instruments are designed to identify and characterize potential biosignatures, such as microbial structures or organic compounds, using advanced imaging and analytical techniques. The article details the technical specifications and operational frameworks of these autonomous systems, emphasizing their ability to make decisions based on predefined criteria. This autonomy allows for immediate responses to findings, enhancing the efficiency and effectiveness of scientific investigations in environments where time-sensitive analysis is crucial. The authors discuss the implications of this technology for future missions, suggesting that onboard autonomy could significantly increase the likelihood of detecting signs of life by enabling more thorough exploration within limited mission timelines.

The article "Artificial Greenhouse Gases as Exoplanet Technosignatures" explores the possibility of detecting advanced extraterrestrial civilizations by identifying synthetic greenhouse gases in exoplanet atmospheres. These gases, which do not occur naturally in significant quantities, could serve as compelling technosignatures. Unlike biosignatures (e.g., oxygen or methane), technosignatures are being the markers of technology. Artificial greenhouse gases, such as chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) or perfluorocarbons (PFCs), are long-lived, industrially produced compounds that could persist in an exoplanet’s atmosphere. These gases have strong infrared absorption features, making them potentially detectable with next-generation telescopes like the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) or future observatories. The paper suggests that an advanced civilization might deliberately use such gases for terraforming (modifying a planet’s climate) or **geoengineering** (regulating temperature), making them a plausible technosignature. The study considers whether natural processes (e.g., volcanic activity) could produce similar gases, concluding that certain compounds (e.g., CF₄ or SF₆) are unlikely to form abiotically in large amounts. The authors recommend focusing on terrestrial planets around M-dwarf stars, where artificial greenhouse gases would have a more pronounced climatic effect and thus might be more likely used by an intelligent species. The study encourages refining detection methods to distinguish between natural and artificial atmospheric anomalies, expanding the search for intelligent life beyond radio signals to atmospheric spectroscopy and offering a new pathway for SETI research.

The article "Nitrogen Dioxide Pollution as a Signature of Extraterrestrial Technology" explores the possibility of detecting nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) in exoplanet atmospheres as a technosignature — a marker of advanced extraterrestrial civilizations. The authors propose that the presence of NO₂ in the atmospheres of exoplanets could serve as a compelling marker of industrial activity, similar to how it is produced on Earth through combustion processes and various industrial activities. The study suggests that NO₂ could accumulate in an exoplanet's atmosphere due to technology-driven pollution, making it a detectable sign of extraterrestrial industrialization. The article discusses the methods by which NO₂ could be detected in exoplanetary atmospheres using advanced observational techniques, such as space-based telescopes equipped with spectrometers. By analyzing the spectral signatures associated with NO₂, researchers can differentiate it from other atmospheric constituents and assess its potential origins. While NO₂ can occur naturally (e.g., from lightning or volcanic activity), the study argues that an anomalously high concentration — especially in an oxygen-rich atmosphere — could indicate industrial activity. Unlike radio signals or megastructures, atmospheric pollution provides a passive but long-lasting technosignature. NO₂ is a short-lived pollutant, so its detection would imply ongoing industrial processes. The article advocates for expanding the search for extraterrestrial intelligence to include nitrogen dioxide pollution as a viable technosignature. By doing so, researchers can enhance their understanding of potential technological civilizations beyond Earth and refine their strategies for detecting signs of intelligent life in the universe.

The article "Comparative Biosignatures" provides a crucial framework for identifying signs of life — both on Earth and potentially on other planets. As space agencies and astronomers search for extraterrestrial life, distinguishing true biological signals from non-biological phenomena remains a major challenge. This research compares known Earth-based biosignatures (such as atmospheric oxygen, methane, microbial fossils, and organic molecules) with potential alien biosignatures that may differ due to unknown biochemistries. The study emphasizes that no single molecule or element can definitively prove life exists; instead, scientists must look for contextual patterns—such as the coexistence of oxygen and methane, which on Earth indicate biological activity. Additionally, the paper explores how extreme environments (like deep-sea vents or acidic lakes) can serve as analogs for extraterrestrial habitats, helping researchers refine detection methods for missions to Mars, Europa, and exoplanets. One key insight is that future missions will need advanced spectroscopic and imaging tools to analyze chemical imbalances, isotopic ratios, and microscopic structures that suggest life. The study also warns against "false positives," where geological processes mimic biosignatures (e.g., methane from volcanoes). The work underscores the need for interdisciplinary approaches—combining microbiology, astronomy, and planetary science—to improve the odds of detecting life beyond Earth. As upcoming missions like NASA's Mars Sample Return and ESA's JUICE probe prepare to launch, this research could shape how scientists interpret their findings, bringing us closer to answering one of humanity’s biggest questions: Are we alone in the universe?

Project Hephaistos is the first Swedish SETI project, focusing on the search for signatures of extraterrestrial technology rather than looking for signals deliberately sent our way. The article "Project Hephaistos – II. Dyson Sphere Candidates from Gaia DR3, 2MASS, and WISE"  presents a systematic search for potential Dyson spheres — hypothetical megastructures that advanced civilizations might construct to capture a star's energy — by analyzing infrared excesses in astronomical data. The study combines observations from Gaia Data Release 3 (DR3), the Two Micron All-Sky Survey (2MASS), and the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) to identify stars with unusual mid-infrared emissions that could indicate the presence of such artificial structures. The researchers focus on partially completed Dyson spheres, which would absorb starlight and re-radiate the energy as waste heat in the infrared. To distinguish possible technosignatures from natural astrophysical phenomena, the team applies strict filtering criteria, ruling out known sources of infrared excess such as circumstellar dust disks or young stellar objects. After analyzing approximately five million stars, the authors identify seven compelling candidates that exhibit unexplained mid-infrared excesses consistent with theoretical Dyson sphere models. It turns out that most of these candidates are M-dwarf stars, which are relatively dim but long-lived, making them potentially attractive targets for energy-harvesting civilizations. While the findings do not confirm the existence of Dyson spheres, they highlight intriguing anomalies that warrant further investigation. The study emphasizes the importance of multi-wavelength surveys in the search for extraterrestrial intelligence and suggests follow-up observations, such as spectroscopic analysis or radio surveys, to explore these candidates in greater detail.

The article "Extragalactic SETI: The Tully-Fisher Relation as a Probe of Dysonian Astroengineering in Disk Galaxies" explores a novel approach to detecting potential galaxy-scale astroengineering by advanced civilizations, specifically focusing on the possible alteration of the Tully-Fisher relation — an empirical correlation between the luminosity and rotational velocity of spiral galaxies. The study investigates whether large-scale energy-harvesting structures, such as Dyson spheres or similar megastructures, could distort this relation by reducing the observed luminosity of galaxies without proportionally affecting their rotational dynamics. The authors propose that systematic deviations from the expected Tully-Fisher relation in certain galaxies might indicate the presence of widespread stellar energy collection, effectively masking a fraction of starlight while leaving the galaxy's mass distribution—and thus its rotation curve—largely unchanged. Using observational data and theoretical modeling, the paper examines whether such anomalies could be distinguished from natural astrophysical processes, such as dust obscuration or variations in star formation efficiency. The researchers suggest that future large-scale surveys, combined with advanced spectral and photometric analysis, could help identify candidate galaxies exhibiting these unusual characteristics. While the study acknowledges the speculative nature of the hypothesis, it underscores the potential of extragalactic SETI to uncover evidence of Kardashev Type II or III civilizations capable of harnessing energy on a galactic scale. By leveraging well-established astrophysical relationships as benchmarks for detecting artificial modifications, the work expands the scope of technosignature searches beyond individual stars or planetary systems, offering a new methodological framework for probing the existence of highly advanced extraterrestrial intelligence.

Project Hephaistos is the first Swedish SETI project, focusing on the search for signatures of extraterrestrial technology rather than looking for signals deliberately sent our way. The article "Project Hephaistos I. Upper limits on partial Dyson spheres in the Milky Way" presents a systematic search for partial Dyson spheres — hypothetical megastructures built by advanced civilizations to capture a fraction of a star's energy — by analyzing infrared excesses in Milky Way stars. Using data from the Gaia satellite, the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE), and the Two Micron All-Sky Survey (2MASS), the study establishes upper limits on the prevalence of such structures by identifying stars with anomalous mid-infrared emissions that could indicate waste heat from energy-harvesting activity. The researchers develop a rigorous selection pipeline to distinguish potential Dyson sphere candidates from natural astrophysical sources like circumstellar dust or young stellar objects, focusing on partially completed megastructures that would emit detectable infrared radiation without fully obscuring their host stars. By examining millions of stars across the galaxy, the study finds no conclusive evidence of partial Dyson spheres but sets stringent constraints on their possible abundance, suggesting that fewer than one in 100,000 stars in the Milky Way may host such structures at the detectable level. The work highlights the challenges of identifying technosignatures amid natural variability and underscores the importance of multi-wavelength surveys in the search for extraterrestrial intelligence. While the results do not rule out the existence of Dyson spheres entirely, they provide a quantitative framework for future searches and emphasize the need for more sensitive observations to probe fainter or more distant candidates. The study represents a key step in the ongoing effort to apply observational astronomy to the detection of advanced extraterrestrial civilizations, refining the methods and limits of Dysonian SETI in our galactic neighborhood.

The article "Overview of The Galileo Project" presents a groundbreaking scientific initiative aimed at systematically studying Unidentified Aerial Phenomena (UAP) using rigorous, data-driven methodologies. Led by Harvard astronomer Avi Loeb, the project seeks to shift UAP investigations from anecdotal reports to transparent, peer-reviewed research by deploying advanced instrumentation and machine learning tools. The project conducts High-Resolution Observations, deploying a network of telescopes equipped with infrared, optical, and radio sensors to capture high-quality data on UAP in real time, eliminating reliance on eyewitness accounts or low-resolution military footage. Another subject of the article is the analysis of interstellar objects (studying anomalous objects like ‘Oumuamua and future interstellar visitors to determine whether they could be of artificial origin, using spectral and kinematic analysis). Also the authors Researchers are also dealing with the main issue - searching for extraterrestrial technology, developing frameworks to identify potential technosignatures, such as unusual material compositions or propulsion signatures, in near-Earth space. The Galileo Project emphasizes open data and reproducibility, distinguishing itself from classified government UAP programs. Initial phases include installing observatories at key locations and collaborating with existing astronomical surveys. Machine learning algorithms will filter mundane phenomena (birds, drones) to isolate truly anomalous events. The article addresses skepticism by stressing the project’s adherence to the scientific method, with findings published for peer review. It argues that even null results would advance understanding by constraining hypotheses about extraterrestrial technology. By bridging gaps between astronomy, atmospheric science, and SETI, the Galileo Project aims to transform UAP research into a mainstream scientific discipline, offering the first systematic approach to answering whether humanity has been visited by advanced civilizations.

The article "Longevity is the Key Factor in the Search for Technosignatures" argues that the detectability of extraterrestrial intelligence depends primarily on the lifespan of technological civilizations rather than their prevalence alone. The authors contend that even if intelligent life is common in the universe, SETI efforts will only succeed if civilizations maintain detectable technological activity for sufficiently long periods. The study presents a probabilistic framework showing that the probability of detecting a technosignature is proportional to both the number of civilizations (N) and their average communicative longevity (L). While the Drake Equation traditionally emphasizes the rate of civilization formation, this work demonstrates that L may dominate the detection probability - a civilization must persist in a detectable state long enough for its signals to intersect with our observational timeline. The authors analyze three scenarios: (1) short-lived civilizations (L < 1,000 years), which would require extremely high formation rates to be detectable; (2) civilizations lasting millions of years, which could be sparse yet still observable; and (3) "contact equilibrium" where civilizations achieve sufficient longevity to make mutual detection likely. They suggest that current null results in SETI may indicate either that L is typically short (perhaps due to self-destruction or technological stagnation) or that we haven't searched long enough to intersect with long-lived civilizations' emissions. The article concludes that SETI strategies should prioritize: expanding search duration to increase overlap with potential long-lived civilizations, developing methods to detect persistent, low-power technosignatures and focusing on ancient stellar systems where civilizations would have had more time to develop longevity. This longevity-centric perspective offers a new framework for interpreting both current SETI results and future search strategies.

The article "Novel Technosignatures" explores unconventional approaches to detecting extraterrestrial intelligence by expanding beyond traditional radio and optical signals to identify new classes of potential technosignatures. The authors argue that advanced civilizations may utilize technologies that produce detectable signatures across multiple physical domains, requiring innovative detection strategies. The paper categorizes novel technosignatures into three key areas: Atmospheric and Surface Signatures, including artificial greenhouse gases, industrial pollutants, or large-scale photovoltaic arrays detectable through spectral analysis; Energy-Related Signatures, such as waste heat from megastructures (Dyson spheres), directed energy propulsion systems, or antimatter production signatures; and Space-Based Artifacts, including self-replicating probes, solar system-scale engineering or interstellar communication networks. A significant focus is placed on transient and non-electromagnetic signatures that could reveal extraterrestrial activity, including neutrino patterns from advanced power systems, gravitational wave modulation for communication, or deliberate stellar manipulation. The authors emphasize how next-generation telescopes like JWST and upcoming 30-meter-class ground observatories could detect planetary-scale technosignatures through atmospheric spectroscopy. The study also examines unconventional temporal signatures - including synchronized pulsar-like signals or information-encoded variable stars - that might represent deliberate communication attempts. It proposes developing new detection algorithms capable of identifying complex, non-repeating patterns that differ from natural astrophysical phenomena.

The article "Technosignatures in the Thermal Infrared" investigates the potential for identifying extraterrestrial civilizations through their detectable waste heat signatures in the mid- to far-infrared spectrum, presenting a compelling alternative to conventional radio and optical SETI methods. The authors argue that advanced technological civilizations, particularly those harnessing substantial energy resources, would inevitably produce thermal emissions distinguishable from natural astrophysical phenomena. A central focus is the detectability of Dyson spheres or swarms — hypothetical megastructures designed to capture a star's energy — which would exhibit characteristic excess infrared radiation between 8–20 μm wavelengths, identifiable through spectral energy distribution analysis using existing telescopes like JWST and WISE or future observatories. Beyond stellar-scale constructs, the paper explores planetary-scale technosignatures, suggesting that industrial activities on exoplanets could generate artificial heat islands with thermal profiles inconsistent with natural climate patterns, potentially revealing civilizations even on otherwise uninhabitable worlds. The study introduces novel analytical frameworks to differentiate technogenic heat from natural sources, emphasizing parameters such as spatial asymmetry, spectral anomalies, and thermodynamic efficiency limits. They highlight the importance of future infrared telescopes, such as the Origins Space Telescope, for high-resolution thermal mapping and stress the unique advantages of thermal infrared searches, including their ability to detect passive energy use — requiring no intentional communication — and their resilience to signal degradation over interstellar distances. By leveraging these methods, the article contends that upcoming observational campaigns could place meaningful constraints on the prevalence of Kardashev Type II civilizations within the local universe, significantly advancing the search for extraterrestrial intelligence.

The aim of the article "Prospects of SETI by Small Size Optical Telescopes" is to consider the possibility of detection of technosignatures produced by the megastructures and von Neumann probes by small size optical telescopes. Traditionally, large telescopes have been favored for SETI due to their superior light-gathering power and resolution. However, the authors argue that small telescopes can also make significant contributions to this field, particularly when utilized in coordinated networks. While large telescopes are essential for detecting faint or distant signals, small telescopes — typically with apertures of less than one meter — can still make meaningful contributions to SETI due to their affordability, widespread availability, and flexibility in observation strategies. The paper emphasizes that optical SETI, which focuses on detecting artificial light signals such as pulsed or continuous-wave laser transmissions, is particularly well-suited for small telescopes because potential extraterrestrial laser signals could be extremely bright for short durations, making them detectable even with smaller instruments. The authors show that small size optical telescopes can detect the flux from the hot ring-like megastructures built around main sequence stars and pulsars. It is shown that to search for the candidates the maximum distance will be of the order of 160 pc for stellar megastructures and 440 pc for pulsar megastructures; there also nas been considered the possibility of detection of extraterrestrial von Neumann probes, and it has been found that by using a small size optical telescope the detection of the mentioned objects is quite feasible in terms of distance to the object.

The article "SETI Searches for Evidence of Intelligent Life in the Galaxy" provides a comprehensive overview of current and future strategies in the SETI, emphasizing both technological advancements and theoretical frameworks guiding the field. It highlights humanity's efforts to detect technosignatures through radio, optical, and other observational methods. A major focus of the work is on radio SETI, which dominates the field due to radio waves' ability to traverse interstellar distances with minimal interference, particularly with ngVLA. Projects like the Allen Telescope Array (ATA) and the Square Kilometre Array (SKA) are scanning millions of star systems for narrowband signals — a potential hallmark of deliberate communication. The article also discusses optical SETI, which searches for pulsed laser signals or other artificial light patterns, leveraging high-speed photometry to detect nanosecond-scale flashes that natural phenomena cannot explain. Beyond traditional methods, the paper explores novel approaches, including searches for megastructures (like Dyson spheres detected via infrared excess), atmospheric pollution as a sign of industrial activity and interstellar probes within our solar system. It underscores the importance of multi-messenger SETI, combining electromagnetic, neutrino, or gravitational-wave data to widen the search. The article acknowledges challenges like funding limitations and the vast parameter space of possible signals but remains optimistic. Initiatives like Breakthrough Listen and citizen science projects demonstrate growing collaboration.

The article "An Extragalactic Widefield Search for Technosignatures with the Murchison Widefield Array" discusses a novel approach to the SETI by utilizing the Murchison Widefield Array (MWA), a low-frequency radio telescope. The primary focus of the article is on conducting widefield surveys to detect potential technosignatures — signals or artifacts that may indicate the presence of advanced extraterrestrial civilizations — beyond our galaxy. The main point of the article is that the MWA's unique capabilities allow for extensive and efficient scanning of large areas of the sky, making it an ideal instrument for searching for technosignatures in extragalactic regions. The authors highlight that traditional SETI efforts have primarily focused on nearby stars within our galaxy, but expanding the search to include extragalactic targets could significantly enhance the chances of discovering evidence of intelligent life. The article outlines specific methodologies employed in this widefield search, including advanced signal processing techniques designed to identify unusual patterns or signals that deviate from expected astrophysical noise. Key implications include: while current sensitivities are insufficient to detect emissions comparable to Earth's radio leakage, the MWA can identify hypothetical "Type III" Kardashev-scale civilizations harnessing galaxy-wide energy; extragalactic SETI provides a strategic complement to galactic searches by probing vastly more potential sites for intelligence; and future arrays like the Square Kilometre Array (SKA) could improve sensitivity by orders of magnitude. The study demonstrates the feasibility of widefield extragalactic SETI and advocates for its inclusion in next-generation radio surveys.

The article "Strategies for Maximizing Detection Rate in Radio SETI" explores optimized approaches for improving the search efficiency of radio-based SETI programs. Given the vast parameter space — spanning frequency, bandwidth, polarization, time variability, and sky position — the authors emphasize that strategic choices in observational techniques and data processing are crucial for enhancing the likelihood of detecting technosignatures. A key focus of the discussoin is on target selection, advocating for prioritized observations of nearby exoplanet-hosting stars, especially those in the habitable zone, as well as anomalous astrophysical objects that may exhibit unnatural radio signatures. The article also highlights the advantages of wide-field surveys over targeted searches, as they increase sky coverage and serendipitous detection opportunities. Another major discussion point is frequency optimization: while the traditional "water hole" (1–2 GHz) remains a prime range, the article suggests expanding searches to higher frequencies (up to 10 GHz or beyond) where atmospheric interference is lower and narrowband signals could stand out more clearly. Additionally, leveraging spectral line nulling and drift rate correction techniques helps distinguish artificial signals from natural radio frequency interference (RFI). The paper also stresses advancements in real-time signal processing, including machine learning-based classifiers to reduce false positives and accelerate candidate verification.

The article "A Serendipitous MWA Search for Narrow-Band and Broad-Band Low Frequency Radio Transmissions from 1I/2017 U1 ‘Oumuamua’" presents an investigation into whether the interstellar object ‘Oumuamua — the first known visitor from another star system — could have been an artificial object emitting detectable radio signals. Using data from the Murchison Widefield Array (MWA), a low-frequency radio telescope, the study searched for both narrow-band (potential intentional communication) and broad-band (potential spacecraft propulsion leakage) signals between 72–102 MHz. The analysis focused on two key hypotheses, that ‘Oumuamua might have been an alien probe emitting intentional radio transmissions, and that it could have produced unintentional radio leakage from onboard technology. The MWA’s wide field of view serendipitously captured ‘Oumuamua during its 2017 passage, allowing a retrospective search for anomalous emissions. No significant narrow-band or broad-band signals were detected above background noise levels, with upper limits placed on equivalent isotropic radiated power (EIRP) at ~10–100 W for narrow-band signals and ~10 kW for broad-band emissions. The study’s null result suggests that if ‘Oumuamua had artificial origins, it was either inactive, not transmitting in the observed frequency range, or emitting signals too faint for the MWA to detect. However, the authors advocate for future monitoring of similar objects with more sensitive instruments, such as the Square Kilometre Array (SKA), to further explore these possibilities.

The article "SETI Strategy with FAST Fractality" proposes an innovative approach to the SETI using China's Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical radio Telescope (FAST) by incorporating fractal mathematics into signal detection and analysis. The core premise is that artificial extraterrestrial signals may exhibit fractal-like patterns — self-similar structures across different scales — that distinguish them from natural astrophysical noise. By applying fractal dimension analysis and other nonlinear mathematical tools, the authors suggest that FAST could more effectively identify potential technosignatures hidden within complex radio data. FAST's unparalleled sensitivity and frequency coverage (70 MHz–3 GHz) make it ideal for testing this approach, particularly in the low-frequency "water hole" band (1–2 GHz) where narrowband technosignatures are hypothesized to concentrate. The article highlights how fractal analysis could address SETI's "needle-in-a-haystack" challenge by targeting structural anomalies rather than just power or frequency thresholds.  While acknowledging computational challenges (fractal algorithms are resource-intensive), the authors advocate for real-time implementation at FAST to maximize its SETI potential. This framework not only refines traditional narrowband searches but also opens new avenues for detecting unconventional signal types—potentially bridging the gap between passive observation and active recognition of extraterrestrial technology.

The article "Can the periodic spectral modulations of the 236 SETI candidates from Sloan Sky Survey stars be due to Dark Matter effects?" explores a novel hypothesis regarding the periodic signals detected in a subset of stars identified as potential extraterrestrial intelligence candidates by the SETI. The study focuses on 236 stars from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) that exhibited unusual spectral modulations, which have sparked interest in their possible origins. The authors propose that these periodic modulations, interpreted as potential signals from advanced civilizations, could instead be influenced by dark matter interactions. Dark matter, which constitutes a significant portion of the universe's mass yet remains largely undetectable, may exert gravitational effects on ordinary matter, potentially leading to observable phenomena in stellar spectra. Through a detailed analysis, the researchers examine whether these spectral variations align with known properties of dark matter and its interactions with baryonic matter: it is pointed out that these spectral modulations are of astrophysical origin and are due to ultrafast oscillations of the stellar structure of these stars induced by the presence of ultralight fields such as axions or axion-like dark matter in their cores. The authors discuss models of dark matter and how these models might produce periodic signals that mimic those expected from ECs. The findings suggest that while the possibility of extraterrestrial signals cannot be entirely dismissed, it is crucial to consider alternative explanations rooted in fundamental physics.

The article "The Possibility of Detecting Our Solar System Through Astrometry" delves into the concept of identifying our solar system by extraterrestrial civilizations from distant astronomical vantage points using astrometric techniques. The main focus of the article is to assess the feasibility of detecting our solar system's influence on other stars through precise measurements of their positions over time. By conducting injection-recovery simulations, the authors investigate the detectability of the four giant planets in our solar system under different observing baselines and observational errors. By analyzing the subtle shifts in stellar positions caused by the gravitational pull of our Sun and its planets, astronomers could potentially infer the presence of our solar system from light-years away. This method could provide valuable insights into how our solar system interacts with its galactic environment and how it compares to other planetary systems. The article also discusses the technological advancements necessary for such observations, emphasizing the importance of high-precision instruments capable of detecting minute changes in stellar positions. It highlights ongoing and future missions that aim to enhance astrometric capabilities, such as space-based observatories designed to minimize atmospheric interference.

The article "The Cosmic Hitchhikers Hypothesis: Extraterrestrial Civilizations Using Free-Floating Planets for Interstellar Colonization" presents a concept suggesting that advanced extraterrestrial civilizations may utilize free-floating planets — celestial bodies that drift through space without being gravitationally bound to a star — as vehicles for interstellar colonization. This hypothesis posits that these rogue planets could serve as mobile habitats, allowing civilizations to explore and settle in various regions of the galaxy without the constraints of traditional solar systems. The authors argue that free-floating planets offer several advantages for potential colonization: they can provide stable environments capable of supporting life, as they may possess atmospheres and subsurface oceans. Also these planets could be engineered or modified by advanced civilizations to create self-sustaining ecosystems, making them ideal for long-term habitation during interstellar journeys. The article emphasizes the implications of this hypothesis for our understanding of extraterrestrial life and the search for intelligent civilizations. By contemplating unconventional methods of colonization, such as utilizing free-floating planets, scientists can broaden their search parameters in astrobiology and SETI efforts. Furthermore, the Cosmic Hitchhikers Hypothesis challenges existing paradigms about the nature of interstellar travel and habitation. This article also provides more insight into the expectations of discovering extraterrestrial civilizations: if ECs use this strategy, they might be widespread but undetectable — rogue planets emit little radiation and avoid the transit/light signals of star-bound worlds, which could explain the "Great Silence," as such civilizations would be dark, cold, and dispersed rather than clustered around stars.

In the article "Searching for Extraterrestrial Civilizations Using Gamma Ray Telescopes," the authors explore the potential for detecting theoretical black hole starships — craft designed for interstellar travel that utilize black holes as energy sources — through the use of high-energy gamma-ray telescopes. They propose that such a starship could be engineered to harness Hawking radiation emitted by an artificial nanoscopic black hole. To create a sustainable human environment, a power source significantly denser than any currently available would be necessary to shield against cosmic radiation and enable continuous acceleration. Black holes have the unique ability to convert matter into energy, making them an ideal power source for advanced spacecraft. However, the feasibility of constructing such a ship or black hole remains a complex challenge, far beyond our current technological capabilities. Traditional efforts to detect extraterrestrial civilizations through SETI are limited by the fact that typical radio signals, like those emitted from Earth, can only be detected within a relatively short range of light-years. In contrast, emissions from a starship would likely be highly focused, extremely powerful, and at frequencies not commonly found in nature, enhancing their detectability even if the nearest civilization were approximately 1,000 light-years away. The authors suggest that astronomers should monitor the frequency spectrum of low-intensity point-like sources of very high-energy gamma rays over several years, searching for gradual changes in their frequency that could indicate artificial activity.

The article "Galactic Settlement of Low-Mass Stars as a Resolution to the Fermi Paradox" explores the possibility that the colonization of low-mass stars—such as K - dwarfs—could provide a plausible explanation for the Fermi Paradox. The authors propose that low-mass stars, which are abundant in our galaxy and have long lifespans, may serve as ideal targets for advanced civilizations seeking to expand and establish settlements. The article outlines several key advantages of settling around low-mass stars. These stars have stable environments and can support habitable zones where planets may exist for billions of years, providing ample time for life to develop and evolve. Additionally, the lower luminosity of red dwarfs means that planets in their habitable zones can be closer to the star, potentially making them easier to terraform or adapt for human habitation. The authors suggest that if advanced civilizations were to emerge around these stars, they might prioritize colonization efforts within their own stellar systems before venturing out into interstellar space; also it is suggested that K-dwarf stars would be ideally suited as a migration destination for a civilization that arises in a G-dwarf system. This could result in a scenario where civilizations are present but remain undetected due to their focus on local expansion rather than interstellar communication or exploration. The article posits that technological advancements could enable these civilizations to utilize resources from multiple low-mass star systems over time, leading to a gradual but widespread settlement across the galaxy. This perspective not only addresses the Fermi Paradox by suggesting that extraterrestrial life may be more common than we realize but also emphasizes the need for further research into the potential habitability and colonization of planets orbiting low-mass stars.

The article "Lotka-Volterra Models for Extraterrestrial Self-Replicating Probes" discusses the application of Lotka-Volterra equations, which are traditionally used in ecological modeling, to understand the dynamics of self-replicating probes (von Neumann probes) sent by extraterrestrial civilizations. The main point of the article is to explore how these mathematical models can help to predict the behavior and proliferation of self-replicating probes in space, providing insights into their potential impact on interstellar exploration and colonization. The authors propose that if advanced civilizations were to deploy self-replicating probes to explore the galaxy, these probes could behave similarly to biological populations, competing for resources and space. By applying Lotka-Volterra models, the article examines various scenarios involving the growth, interaction, and eventual saturation of these probes within a given environment. This approach allows researchers to analyze factors such as resource availability, probe efficiency, and environmental constraints that could influence the success or failure of such missions. The article highlights the implications of these models for understanding the potential spread of extraterrestrial technology and its consequences for both the originating civilization and any encountered life forms. It raises important questions about the ethical considerations and risks associated with deploying self-replicating probes in space; by applying ecological models to hypothetical extraterrestrial technologies, the paper offers a fresh lens for SETI, suggesting that probe civilizations could exhibit complex, lifecycle-driven behaviors—explaining their elusiveness while guiding future searches for their artifacts.

The article "Why is There No von Neumann Probe on Ceres? Error Catastrophe Can Explain the Fermi-Hart Paradox" addresses the Fermi-Hart Paradox, which questions why we have not encountered evidence of extraterrestrial civilizations despite the vastness of the universe and the potential for advanced technologies. The authors focus on von Neumann probes — self-replicating machines designed to explore and colonize space — and propose that an "error catastrophe" could explain their absence in our solar system, particularly on bodies like Ceres. The main point of the article is that while the concept of self-replicating probes seems theoretically feasible, practical limitations related to errors in replication could hinder their effectiveness and proliferation. The authors argue that as these probes replicate, they may accumulate errors in their programming or construction, leading to a decline in functionality and efficiency. This phenomenon, known as error catastrophe, suggests that even if a civilization were to send out such probes, they might fail to successfully replicate or adapt over time due to these accumulating errors. By applying this concept to the Fermi-Hart Paradox, the article posits that advanced civilizations may struggle with maintaining effective self-replicating technologies over long periods and vast distances. Consequently, this could explain why we do not observe von Neumann probes or any signs of extraterrestrial life actively colonizing our solar system. A straightforward mathematical model indicates that the rate at which probes expand will gradually decrease until it eventually stops. This suggests that numerous advanced civilizations could exist within our galaxy, each accompanied by a localized cluster of self-replicating probes. However, unless our solar system happens to be situated near one of these civilizations, we are unlikely to encounter any extraterrestrial self-replicating probes, which also explains the absence of a von Neumann probe on Ceres.

The article "Jumping the Energetics Queue: Modulation of Pulsar Signals by Extraterrestrial Civilizations" explores the concept that advanced extraterrestrial civilizations might manipulate pulsar signals for communication purposes. Pulsars, which are highly magnetized, rotating neutron stars that emit beams of electromagnetic radiation, are known for their regular and predictable signal patterns. The authors propose that if extraterrestrial intelligences exist, they could potentially modulate these pulsar signals to convey information, effectively "jumping the energetics queue" by utilizing the inherent energy of pulsars rather than generating their own signals. The authors discuss the possibility of an advanced civilization using naturally - occurring radio transmitters - to overcome the Kardashev limit of their developmental stage and transmit super-Kardashev power. This is achieved by the use of a modulator situated around a pulsar, that modulates the pulsar signal, encoding information onto its natural emission. A simple modulation model using pulse nulling and considerations for detecting such a signal is presented.  The authors examine the implications of such modulation for SETI by altering the timing, frequency, or amplitude of pulsar emissions. This approach expands the search for extraterrestrial intelligence beyond traditional radio signals, proposing that advanced civilizations might use natural cosmic phenomena as communication amplifiers. The article also addresses the challenges and limitations of detecting such modulated signals, including distinguishing them from natural pulsar emissions and the need for sophisticated observational techniques. The authors emphasize the importance of considering pulsars as potential beacons of extraterrestrial communication, suggesting that future SETI efforts should include the search for anomalous patterns in pulsar signals that could indicate intelligent modulation.

The article "Power Beaming Leakage Radiation as a SETI Observable" presents the concept of detecting leakage radiation from power beaming technologies as a potential method for identifying extraterrestrial civilizations. Power beaming involves the transmission of energy over long distances using directed energy beams, such as lasers or microwaves, which could be employed by advanced civilizations to transmit energy to spacecraft or other distant locations. The idea of the article is that while power beaming is an efficient way to transfer energy, it inevitably results in some leakage of radiation that could be detectable by our current observational technologies. Extraterrestrial civilizations would know their power beams could be observed, and so could put a message on the power beam and broadcast it for receipt at little additional energy or cost. The authors argue that this leakage radiation could serve as a signature of technological activity, providing a new avenue for the search for extraterrestrial intelligence. By focusing on the specific wavelengths and patterns associated with power beaming, researchers could potentially identify signals that indicate the presence of advanced civilizations engaged in energy transmission. Such beams would be visible over large interstellar distances. This concept implies a new approach to the SETI search: instead of focusing on narrowband beacon transmissions generated by another civilization, look for more powerful beams with much wider bandwidth.

The article "The Impact of the Temporal Distribution of Communicating Civilizations on their Detectability" examines how the timing and duration of technological civilizations' communication activities influence our ability to detect them. It is said that the existence of intelligent life in the universe is not static; rather, civilizations may emerge, communicate, and eventually cease to exist over varying timescales. The article sais that the detectability of extraterrestrial civilizations is heavily influenced by the overlap in the time periods during which they are active and capable of communication. The authors discuss the concept of the "Great Filter," which posits that there may be significant barriers to the emergence or longevity of intelligent life. If civilizations are short-lived or if their communication periods are brief, the chances of overlapping with another civilization's signals become slim. The work also explores various models of civilization lifetimes and communication durations, suggesting that understanding these temporal dynamics is crucial for SETI efforts. The authors propose that the search for extraterrestrial intelligence should not only focus on the search for signals but also consider the timing of when civilizations might be active. They emphasize the need for a strategic approach to SETI that accounts for the statistical distribution of civilizations over cosmic time. The approach introduced in this study stands out by making very few assumptions, relying solely on the adherence to a fundamental causal constraint. This characteristic allows the framework to be adaptable to a range of situations. Notably, it is particularly effective for addressing the evolutionary dimensions of SETI and investigating how spatiotemporal dependencies influence the outcomes.

The article "Black Holes as Tools for Quantum Computing by Advanced Extraterrestrial Civilizations" presents a hypothesis that advanced extraterrestrial civilizations could use the unique properties of black holes to enhance their quantum computing capabilities. The authors explore the idea that the extreme gravitational environments surrounding black holes may provide a novel framework for processing and storing information, potentially surpassing the limitations of conventional quantum computing systems. The authors present the concept of black holes as information processors. They discuss how the event horizon of a black hole could serve as a boundary for encoding quantum information, allowing for the manipulation of qubits in ways that are not possible in traditional computing environments. They delve into the theoretical implications of using black holes to achieve quantum entanglement and superposition on a grand scale, which could enable advanced civilizations to communicate and perform complex calculations and simulations that are currently beyond human capabilities. The article addresses the challenges and limitations associated with this concept, including the difficulties in harnessing and controlling black holes, as well as the fundamental questions surrounding information loss and the nature of quantum mechanics. Despite these challenges, the authors argue that the exploration of such ideas could lead to a deeper understanding of both black holes and quantum computing, as well as the potential for discovering signs of advanced extraterrestrial intelligence. The authors have proposed that on the evolution road of any long-lasting civilization the black hole based quantum computers are the natural attractor points; this concept opens up a new avenue for SETI and exploring the Universe through the lense of high-massive objects.

The article "A Geometric Framework for Interstellar Discourse on Fundamental Physical Structures" proposes a universal geometric language to facilitate communication with extraterrestrial intelligence on the theme of fundamental physics. The core argument is that mathematics — particularly geometry — serves as the most plausible common ground for interstellar discourse, as physical laws are invariant across the cosmos. A key innovation is the use of constructive geometric axioms rather than symbolic math, avoiding Earth-centric notations.The framework also addresses decoding strategies, emphasizing self-similar patterns (fractals) and algorithmic compression to distinguish intentional messages from cosmic noise. The paper contrasts geometric encoding with traditional mathematical symbols, which may not be universally recognizable. Instead, it advocates for operational geometry, where meaning derives from constructive procedures. The conclusion underscores that a geometric language would not only aid SETI but also refine human understanding of physics' deepest structures, bridging abstract math and observable reality. The proposed methods could be tested by embedding them in future interstellar messages or analyzing anomalous astrophysical patterns for geometric signatures.  By adopting a geometric perspective, researchers can enhance clarity and foster more effective discourse, paving the way for future discoveries and a greater understanding of the universe as a whole.

The article "Communicating Extraterrestrial Intelligence (CETI) Interaction Models Based on the Drake Equation" explores how the Drake Equation — originally formulated to estimate the number of active, communicative detectable extraterrestrial civilizations — can be adapted to model potential CETI communication dynamics.The main point of the article is to propose interaction models that utilize the different variables of the Drake Equation — such as the rate of star formation, signal detectability, message decipherment complexity, the fraction of stars with planets and the likelihood of life developing on those planets — to inform strategies for CETI. The article emphasizes the importance of considering not only the existence of extraterrestrial intelligence but also the dynamics of communication, including the technological capabilities and cultural contexts of these civilizations. By developing models that account for these factors, the authors aim to create a more nuanced understanding of how CETI might unfold, including the challenges and opportunities that may arise in interstellar communication. The study argues that CETI success depends not just on the number of civilizations, but on mutual detectability, interpretability, and synchronization. By incorporating interaction-based variables, the revised model provides a more realistic assessment of humanity’s chances for meaningful contact and guides future SETI strategies.

The article "Basic Geometric and Kinematic Features of the Standard Cosmological Model" provides a comprehensive overview of the fundamental geometric and kinematic principles that underpin the Standard Cosmological Model (ΛCDM). The ΛCDM serves as the prevailing framework for understanding the large-scale structure and evolution of the universe, incorporating key concepts such as the expansion of space, the curvature of the universe, and the distribution of matter and energy. Using equations of Friedman uniform cosmological models authors derive equations characterizing a ΛCDM, which describes the most appropriate real universe. The equations take into account the effects of radiation and ultrarelativistic neutrinos. One of the central points discussed in the article is the role of the Friedmann-Lemaître-Robertson-Walker (FLRW) metric, which describes a homogeneous and isotropic universe. The authors explain how this metric allows for the mathematical representation of the universe's expansion, as described by Hubble's Law. Understanding of the basic laws of the universe is crucial for developing realistic models of how and when humanity can search for contact with extraterrestrial civilizations and helps researchers consider how far signals can travel and how they might be affected by cosmic phenomena.

The article "Viability of Quantum Communication Across Interstellar Distances" investigates whether quantum signals could serve as a feasible means of interstellar communication for advanced extraterrestrial civilizations. The study evaluates the fundamental physical challenges and potential advantages of quantum communication compared to classical electromagnetic signals in the context of SETI. Quantum communication offers theoretical benefits, such as unconditional security and the ability to transmit information without classical signal degradation. Entangled photons could enable "quantum teleportation" of states across vast distances, though decoherence from interstellar medium (ISM) effects poses major challenges. The article analyzes how cosmic dust, gas, and gravitational fields could disrupt quantum coherence. While optical and near-infrared photons experience less scattering than radio waves, maintaining entanglement over parsec-scale distances remains unproven. The authors state that current human technology (e.g., quantum telescopes or space-based detectors) is insufficient to receive or decode interstellar quantum signals. Talking about implications for SETI, the authors believe that if extraterrestrial civilizations use quantum communication, traditional SETI (focused on radio/optical bands) might miss such signals. While quantum communication across interstellar space is theoretically possible, practical implementation faces significant hurdles.

The article "A Beacon in the Galaxy: Updated Arecibo Message for Potential FAST and SETI Projects" discusses the need for an updated version of the original Arecibo Message, which was transmitted in 1974 as a binary-encoded message aimed at potential extraterrestrial civilizations. It is pointed out that advancements in our understanding of communication, as well as improvements in technology and knowledge about the universe, demands a revision of this message to increase its effectiveness and relevance for future interstellar communication, particularly in light of ongoing projects like the Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical Telescope (FAST) and various SETI initiatives. A central point of the article is the proposal for a new message that incorporates contemporary scientific knowledge and a more comprehensive representation of humanity and our planet. The updated message should include information about our Solar system, the diversity of life on Earth and the technological advancements humanity has achieved. By doing so, the updated message would not only serve as a beacon to potential extraterrestrial intelligences but also reflect a more accurate and holistic view of humanity and our place in the cosmos, making it more informative and potentially more interpretable by alien civilizations. The authors highlight that a well-designed message could facilitate meaningful dialogue with extraterrestrial civilizations and contribute to our understanding of the universe. Unlike the Arecibo Message, which was intended primarily as a technological demonstration of what modern radio astronomy makes possible, the updated one literally aims for the most likely area in the Milky Way containing intelligent life. By choosing a star cluster between 2 kpc and 6 kpc from the center of the galaxy as the intended destination, the authors maximize the chances of the message being received by an ETI; thus they maximize the probability of receiving a response in the distant future. In this scenario, the return message would be a direct analogue to the primary message and would establish a mutual language to communicate with as well as provide basic, essential information for future communications as well as answer many questions of primary interest.

The article "A Direct Communication Proposal to Test the Zoo Hypothesis" presents a novel approach to exploring the Zoo Hypothesis, which posits that advanced extraterrestrial civilizations intentionally avoid contact with humanity to allow for natural development, much like zookeepers observing animals in a zoo. The article proposes a structured method for attempting direct communication with these hypothetical civilizations in order to test the validity of the Zoo Hypothesis. The author argues that if extraterrestrial civilizations are indeed observing us without interference, they may be receptive to carefully crafted messages that signal our awareness of their presence. Unlike listening for signals in attempt to find ETI, the article argues that intentional, high-powered transmissions toward specific exoplanets or star systems could force a reaction from any nearby ETIs adhering to a non-interference policy. A lack of response would weaken the Zoo Hypothesis, while a reply would confirm it. By sending messages that demonstrate our technological capabilities and understanding of the universe, humanity could potentially elicit a response or at least gauge the reactions of these civilizations. The article also discusses potential formats for these communications, such as radio signals or laser transmissions, and suggests targeting specific star systems that are statistically more likely to harbor intelligent life. Even though the author accepts this is unlikely to be successful in the sense of resulting in a response from extraterrestrial intelligences, the possibility that extraterrestrial civilizations are monitoring us cannot be dismissed and my proposal is consistent with current scientific knowledge.

The article “First in, Last out” solution to the Fermi Paradox offers an explanation for the apparent absence of extraterrestrial civilizations despite the vastness of the universe and the potential for advanced life. The central thesis is that civilizations may follow a pattern where those that emerge first in a galaxy are also the last to venture beyond their home systems. This phenomenon can be attributed to several factors that influence the behavior and priorities of advanced societies. The "First in, Last out" concept suggests that early civilizations, having developed advanced technologies, may become deeply invested in their own planets and resources. As they progress, these civilizations might prioritize local sustainability and exploration over interstellar travel. This focus on their home systems could lead to a lack of detectable signals or probes sent into space, as these civilizations concentrate on managing their own environments rather than reaching out to others. The article discusses the existential risks that civilizations face, such as self-destruction through wars, environmental collapse or technological failures. These risks could further limit their ability to explore beyond their immediate surroundings. As a result, while many civilizations may arise throughout the galaxy, their tendency to remain close to home and the potential for extinction could explain why we have not encountered any signs of intelligent life.The article tells that rather than being isolated or non-existent, advanced civilizations may simply be focused on their own survival and development, leading to a behaviour when they do not actively seek contact with others in the cosmos.

The article "Fermi’s Paradox, Extraterrestrial Life, and the Future of Humanity: A Bayesian Analysis" employs a Bayesian framework to explore the Fermi Paradox. The autors analyze the probabilities associated with the existence of extraterrestrial life and how these probabilities can inform our understanding of humanity's future in relation to potential contact with other civilizations. The article utilizes Bayesian reasoning to assess various hypotheses regarding extraterrestrial life, including the likelihood of intelligent life emerging, the duration of technological civilizations and their propensity for interstellar communication. The authors consider a different ratio of parameters of The Great Filter interpretation of Fermi’s great silence: the number of potentially life-supporting planets in the observable universe, the probability that a randomly chosen such planet develops intelligent life to the level of present-day human civilization and the conditional probability that it then goes on to develop a technological supercivilization visible all over the observable universe. The analysis reveals that while the universe may be teeming with life, several factors could explain our lack of contact. These factors include the possibility that intelligent civilizations are rare, that they self-destruct before achieving interstellar capabilities, or that they choose not to communicate. Also the article discusses how humanity's own trajectory may influence its future interactions with other civilizations. The analysis also explores alternative explanations, such as extraterrestrial civilizations being deliberately hidden or existing in forms we cannot detect. However, the Bayesian approach favors the interpretation that advanced civilizations are inherently rare, implying that humanity’s long-term survival is uncertain. The study underscores the importance of mitigating existential risks to ensure our species’ longevity, as the silence of the cosmos may be a warning rather than an indication of safety.

The article "Internalizing Null Extraterrestrial ‘Signals’: An Astrobiological App for a Technological Society" explores how humanity should interpret the absence of detectable extraterrestrial intelligence  and what this implies for our technological and societal development. The central argument is that the persistent lack of contact or signals from advanced civilizations (the "null result") should not be dismissed but instead actively internalized as meaningful data in our astrobiological and existential frameworks. The authors suggest that this null result may indicate one or more "Great Filters" — critical evolutionary or technological barriers that prevent civilizations from reaching interstellar communication or expansion. Unlike traditional approaches that focus on actively searching for ETI, this paper emphasizes learning from the silence itself. It argues that the absence of signals could imply that advanced civilizations either self-destruct or evolve in ways that make them undetectable. A key insight is that humanity should treat this silence as a cautionary lesson, prompting proactive measures to avoid potential existential risks. The paper advocates for integrating astrobiological perspectives into policy-making, technological ethics, and long-term societal planning. By acknowledging the null result as significant, we may better navigate challenges such as AI governance, climate change, and nuclear proliferation — factors that could determine whether we overcome the hypothesized Great Filter. In conclusion it is worth to say that the absence of alien contact serves as a sobering reminder that technological advancement does not guarantee long-term survival, urging a more deliberate and risk-aware approach to civilization’s future.

The article "Why SETI Will Fail" presents a critical examination of the Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence (SETI) and argues that the initiative is unlikely to succeed in its goal of detecting signals from advanced alien civilizations. The main point of the article is that several fundamental challenges and assumptions underpinning SETI render it ineffective in its current form. One of the major arguments is that the vastness of space, combined with the limitations of our technology, makes it exceedingly difficult to detect faint signals from distant civilizations. The authors contend that even if intelligent life exists elsewhere in the universe, the likelihood of their signals reaching Earth — and being recognized as such — is minimal. Factors such as signal degradation over vast distances, the potential for civilizations to use different communication methods, and the sheer scale of the universe complicate detection efforts. The article discusses the possibility that advanced civilizations may not be actively broadcasting signals at all. They might choose to remain silent for various reasons, including self-preservation or a lack of interest in communicating with other species. This silence could be a result of technological evolution leading to more private forms of communication or a conscious decision to avoid contact with potentially dangerous extraterrestrial entities. The authors also highlight that SETI's reliance on specific assumptions about what extraterrestrial signals would look like may limit its effectiveness. By focusing primarily on radio waves and similar technologies, SETI may overlook other forms of communication that advanced civilizations could employ. The article calls for a reevaluation of our approach to understanding life beyond Earth and suggests exploring alternative methods and frameworks for studying potential extraterrestrial phenomena.

The article "A Probabilistic Analysis of the Fermi Paradox" tackles the Fermi Paradox — the contradiction between the high estimated probability of extraterrestrial civilizations existing in the universe and the lack of observable evidence for them — using statistical and probabilistic frameworks. The article employs a probabilistic approach to analyze various factors that contribute to the likelihood of extraterrestrial civilizations existing and making contact with humanity. It considers variables such as the number of stars in the galaxy, the fraction that could host habitable planets, and the probability of life developing on those planets. The study employs Bayesian statistics and Monte Carlo simulations to quantify uncertainties in parameters of the Drake Equation, such as raction of planets where life develops intelligence, fraction of civilizations that release detectable technosignatures and lifespan of communicative civilizations. Results suggest that even optimistic estimates for these variables imply a low likelihood of overlapping civilizations in space and time. The article discusses several hypotheses that could explain the lack of contact with extraterrestrial civilizations: these include the possibility that intelligent life is exceedingly rare, that advanced civilizations self-destruct before achieving interstellar communication, or that they are deliberately avoiding contact with us. The article emphasizes temporal factors as crucial to understanding the Fermi Paradox. Civilizations may rise and fall over cosmic timescales, meaning that even if intelligent life exists elsewhere, their timelines may not overlap with humanity's. This raises questions about how long civilizations remain detectable and whether we are currently living in a unique period where intelligent life is rare. Beyond scientific inquiry, the article touches on philosophical implications regarding humanity's place in the universe. The silence from potential extraterrestrial civilizations prompts reflection on our own existence and what it means to be an intelligent species capable of communication. It raises existential questions about whether we are alone or part of a broader cosmic community.

The article "On the Resolution of a Weak Fermi Paradox" examines a less stringent version of the classic Fermi Paradox by focusing on why we haven’t observed obvious or unambiguous evidence of advanced civilizations, rather than assuming their complete absence. The author argues that this "weak" version of the paradox is easier to resolve and may not require invoking extreme explanations like the Great Filter. The idea of the article is to explore potential explanations for this paradox, emphasizing that the absence of evidence does not necessarily imply evidence of absence. The author discusses various factors that could contribute to our inability to detect extraterrestrial life, including technological limitations, the vast distances between stars and the possibility that advanced civilizations may be using communication methods beyond our current understanding. The article considers sociocultural aspects, suggesting that intelligent life may develop in ways that do not prioritize interstellar communication or exploration. Civilizations might self-destruct before achieving significant technological advancement or choose to remain isolated for philosophical reasons. Unlike the strong Fermi Paradox, the weak version only requires explaining the lack of obvious evidence, which is far less restrictive and more plausibly resolved without invoking rarity or doom. The resolution of the weak Fermi paradox lies in recognizing the complexity and variability of life in the universe rather than assuming a singular narrative about its existence or absence.

The article "Qualitative Classification of Extraterrestrial Civilizations" proposes a framework for categorizing EC based on their technological advancement, societal structure, and potential for interaction with humanity. Based on analogies with our own biological, historical, technological and scientific development, it presents a qualitative classification system that categorizes civilizations into distinct types based on specific criteria, such as their level of technological development, energy consumption, and social organization. It builds on the Kardashev Scale, which classifies civilizations by their energy consumption, but expands the criteria to include qualitative aspects such as their ability to manipulate matter and interact with their environment. It emphasizes the importance of technology in defining civilizations, suggesting that more advanced societies can manipulate their environments and resources in ways that less advanced ones cannot. The classification also considers the social and political structures of civilizations, which can influence their behavior, stability, and potential for peaceful or hostile interactions with other species. The article discusses the implications of this classification for potential communication and interaction with extraterrestrial civilizations, highlighting how understanding their classification can inform strategies for contact. By establishing a framework for understanding extraterrestrial civilizations, the article aims to enhance our approach to the search for extraterrestrial intelligence (SETI) and the broader implications for humanity's future in a potentially populated universe.

The article "Kardashev’s Classification at 50+: A Fine Vehicle with Room for Improvement" revisits the Kardashev Scale, which Russian astrophysicist Nikolai Kardashev proposed in 1964 to categorize civilizations based on their energy consumption capabilities. The authors highlight that while the scale provides a foundational framework for understanding potential technological advancements and energy utilization, it still requires improvements in several areas. They argue for refinement and expansion to better address the complexities of modern science and the diverse forms of potential civilizations.

The apparent simplicity of the classification can be deceptive. Kardashev’s work offers a wealth of methodological and epistemological implications that remain insufficiently studied. It stands as perhaps the most significant legacy of the SETI “founding fathers,” serving as the best taxonomical tool for astrobiology, SETI, and future studies. Despite limitations and criticisms over the past 50 years, Kardashev’s scale remains the most popular and cited tool for contemplating advanced extraterrestrial civilizations, with its one-parameter nature, although seen as an area for elaboration and improvement, is also its great strength.

Key areas for enhancement include the need for a more nuanced classification that considers factors beyond mere energy consumption, such as environmental sustainability, technological sophistication, and socio-political structures. The article suggests introducing additional types or subcategories to capture these complexities, which could lead to a more comprehensive understanding of civilizations.

Furthermore, the authors advocate for interdisciplinary collaboration among scientists, philosophers, and ethicists to enhance the framework's applicability and relevance. By addressing these gaps, the Kardashev's classification  can evolve into a more robust model for evaluating not only the energy capabilities of civilizations but also their overall impact on their environments and the cosmos. The article calls for a re-evaluation and enhancement of Kardashev’s classification system to ensure it remains a relevant and effective tool for exploring the possibilities of extraterrestrial civilizations in the 21st century.

The article "Biotechnology and the Lifetime of Technical Civilizations" presents a comprehensive analysis of the essential role biotechnology plays in determining the sustainability and longevity of advanced societies. It defines technical civilizations as those that heavily depend on technological advancements for their societal structures and interactions with the environment. The central thesis emphasizes that while biotechnology offers significant opportunities to address pressing global challenges, it also introduces considerable risks that must be managed with care and foresight.

One of the primary points discussed is the dual nature of biotechnology. On the positive side, advancements in this field can lead to sustainable agricultural practices, improved health outcomes, and innovative resource management solutions. For example, the development of climate-resistant crops can enhance food security, while biofuels can provide alternative energy sources that reduce reliance on fossil fuels. These innovations not only bolster food production but also contribute to environmental resilience, thereby promoting the stability and longevity of civilizations.

Conversely, the article highlights the potential dangers associated with biotechnological advancements. Issues such as ecological disruption, ethical concerns surrounding genetic modifications, and biosecurity threats arise when biotechnology is mismanaged or poorly regulated. The authors stress the necessity for responsible governance and ethical oversight to mitigate these risks. Without proper regulation, public engagement, and ethical considerations, the technologies designed to support civilization could inadvertently lead to its decline.

Moreover, the work advocates for an interdisciplinary approach to biotechnology, suggesting that insights from biology, sociology, and ethics are crucial for a comprehensive understanding of its implications. This integrative perspective is essential for informing policymakers and fostering public discourse on biotechnological developments, ensuring that diverse viewpoints are considered in decision-making processes.

The article asserts that the responsible and ethical application of biotechnology can significantly extend the lifespan of technical civilizations. Besides of the assessing biotechnology and the lifetime of technical civilizations, the article gives us qualitative assessment of the Earth's future, as well as modifications of the Drake equation and the Fermi paradox from a biotechnological point of view.

The article "Introducing the Exoplanet Escape Factor and the Fishbowl Worlds (Two conceptual tools for the search of extraterrestrial civilizations)" proposes two innovative concepts for assessing exoplanets: the "Exoplanet Escape Factor (EEF)" and "Fishbowl Worlds", which together redefine the search of extraterrestrial civilizations and how to evaluate a planet’s potential to host spacefaring civilizations.

The "Exoplanet Escape Factor (EEF)" is a metric that measures the difficulty of escaping a planet’s gravity well based on factors such as surface gravity, atmospheric density, stellar radiation and magnetic fields. The EEF helps determine whether an intelligent species could realistically develop interstellar travel or if they would be effectively "trapped" on their home world.

The concept of "Fishbowl Worlds" expands on this idea, describing planets that may be habitable — perhaps even hosting advanced life—but have such a high EEF that escape is nearly impossible. These worlds act like cosmic fishbowls, where civilizations, no matter how intelligent, cannot break free due to physical constraints. The article explores how such conditions might explain the Fermi Paradox: if intelligent life is common but confined to high-Fex planets, this could explain why we haven’t encountered extraterrestrial civilizations.

The study examines how different star systems influence EEF. For example, tidally locked planets orbiting red dwarfs face extreme radiation and gravitational forces, further increasing their Fex. The authors argue that future exoplanet research should prioritize not only habitability but also escapability, as this could determine whether a world fosters a spacefaring species or a permanently isolated one.

Ultimately, the article challenges traditional astrobiological perspectives by suggesting that some habitable worlds may be evolutionary dead-ends for intelligent life. Despite the rather limited application and the need for a more detailed study of both models, by incorporating the EEF and Fishbowl World concepts, scientists can better assess which exoplanets might truly contribute to a galaxy filled with interstellar civilizations — and which might forever remain cosmic enclosures.

The authors carry out Monte Carlo simulations to calculate the number of possible communicating extraterrestrial intelligent civilizations within our Galaxy and the communication probability among these CETIs based on the latest astrophysical information. The authors analyze various factors, including the rate of star formation, the prevalence of habitable planets, and calculate the likelihood of life developing intelligence and receiving signals from other CETIs. These simulations provide a quantitative explanation for the so-called Fermi Paradox - the question about why we have not received signals from CETIs yet, giving detailed arguments and studies of the reasons why we still have not received signals from extraterrestrial civilizations, and give approximate amount of time humanity needs to survive to recieve these signals. The study highlights the importance of understanding the conditions necessary for CETIs to emerge and communicate. It also discusses the challenges of interstellar communication, such as vast distances and the limitations of current technology. While the results suggest that CETIs may be rare and communication between them unlikely, they also highlight the importance of continued exploration and technological development in the search for extraterrestrial intelligence.

The article "Upper Limits on the Probability of an Interstellar Civilization Arising in the Local Solar Neighborhood" explores the likelihood of advanced civilizations existing within our nearby cosmic vicinity. It examines the conditions necessary for the emergence of such civilizations, considering factors like the age of stars, planetary systems, and the potential for life. The authors utilize statistical models to estimate the upper limits of the probability that intelligent life has developed in the local region of the Milky Way galaxy. The model used it the paper was parametrized in a manner similar to the Drake equation -  with coefficients giving the fraction of stars with planets, and the number of those planets within the habitable zone of each stellar system, the fraction of habitable planets that actually develop life, and finally the fraction of those biospheres which originate a space-faring civilization. At this point in our human knowledge, there are now empirical constraints on the first two parameters, but the latter are more or less free; so the philosophy of this paper is to use a simple model in order to place some upper limits on those values dealing with the origin of life and interstellar civilizations, since there is currently no observational data on these issues. The percolation model presented here, however, only includes nodes representing all star systems with 40 pc of the Solar System, and thus does not account for the possibility of interstellar civilizations arising outside of that volume; so the percolation model has to be extended onto the galactic scale to be more universal and applicable to further work on the article issue.

The article "Searching for a standard Drake equation" analyzes the classical Drake equation proposed by astronomer Frank Drake in 1961 to estimate the number of active, sociable extraterrestrial civilizations in our galaxy. The main purpose of the article is to identify the need to standardize the parameters of the equation in order to provide more consistent and comparable results in research on the search for extraterrestrial life. The author examines the key factors included in the Drake equation, such as the rate of star formation, the proportion of stars with planets, the number of planets capable of supporting life, and the likelihood of intelligent life. The article highlights that different studies use different approaches to estimating these parameters, which leads to significant discrepancies in the results obtained. In addition, the author discusses modern methods of searching for extraterrestrial signals and the importance of interdisciplinary collaboration between astronomers, biologists, geologists and other scientists. In conclusion, the article calls for the development of a single standard for the Drake equation, which can improve understanding and assessment of the probability of the existence of extraterrestrial civilizations, as well as help in organizing more effective search programs.

The article "Self-reproduction as an autonomous process of growth and reorganization in fully abiotic, artificial and synthetic cells" investigates how lifelike self-reproduction can be achieved in completely synthetic, non-biological systems. The study demonstrates that artificial cells  - constructed from purely chemical and physical components - can undergo autonomous growth, reorganization, and division, mimicking fundamental aspects of biological reproduction without relying on biological molecules like DNA or proteins.

A key focus of the research is the design of abiotic (non-living) synthetic cells that exhibit self-reproduction through controlled chemical reactions and physical processes. These artificial cells are built from simple organic and inorganic materials, such as lipids, polymers, or other self-assembling structures, which can spontaneously form membrane-bound compartments. Under specific environmental conditions, these compartments absorb external raw materials, grow in size, and eventually split into daughter cells through processes like membrane deformation or mechanical stress. This behavior parallels cellular division in living organisms but is driven entirely by non-biological mechanisms.

The study highlights two critical aspects of self-reproduction in synthetic systems: growth (the accumulation and integration of new material) and reorganization (the structural changes that lead to division). Unlike biological cells, which rely on complex genetic and metabolic networks, these artificial cells achieve reproduction through simpler physicochemical principles, such as phase separation, osmotic pressure or chemical reaction-diffusion dynamics. This suggests that self-replication - a hallmark of life - can emerge even in the absence of evolved biological machinery.

The implications of this research are significant for both synthetic biology and origins-of-life studies. By demonstrating that lifelike reproduction can occur in purely artificial systems, the work supports theories about how early protocells might have formed and replicated before the emergence of life. Additionally, it advances the engineering of synthetic life forms, offering new strategies for creating adaptive, self-replicating materials or microsystems for medical and industrial applications. The article underscores that fundamental life-like behaviors can arise from basic chemical and physical interactions, bridging the gap between non-living matter and living systems. This challenges traditional definitions of life while opening new possibilities for designing autonomous, self-sustaining artificial cells.

The article "Estimating the importance of malicious extraterrestrial civilizations" explores the possibility of hostile extraterrestrial civilizations detecting and their potential impact on Earth. The authors analyze various scenarios in which such civilizations may arise and consider the factors contributing to their aggressive behavior. The main focus is on assessing the likelihood of such civilizations, using analogies with human history and social behavior. The article also discusses possible ways to interact with hostile life forms and the risks associated with their detection. The authors emphasize the importance of further research in this area to better understand the threats that may come from extraterrestrial civilizations and the need to develop protection strategies.

The article "Population Growth, Energy Use, and the Implications for the Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence" explores the relationship between population growth, energy consumption and SETI. The authors consider how an increase in population and a growing demand for energy may affect the ability of civilizations, including humans, to develop the technologies necessary for interstellar communication. The main focus is on how different scenarios of population growth and changes in energy consumption can affect the likelihood of the emergence and survival of highly developed civilizations. The article also discusses how these factors may change our approaches to searching for extraterrestrial signals and understanding the possibilities of other intelligent life forms. The authors emphasize that in order to effectively search for extraterrestrial intelligence, demographic and energy changes must be taken into account, as they can significantly affect the development of technology and the interaction of civilizations.

This study presents the ‘Cosmo agent’ model, an innovative development based on artificial intelligence that uses LLM (Large Language Model) - a neural linguistic network trained on huge data sets to recognize, understand and process human speech and text) to model complex and multi-stage interactions between human and extraterrestrial civilizations. A distinctive feature of this work is the consideration of possible options for the evolution of interaction between civilizations based on the development of human civilization. The work allows using the latest AI technologies to simulate complex social phenomena that arise in both extraterrestrial and terrestrial civilizations. Despite the importance of the work in the context of SETI issues and in solving a number of social and philosophical issues, it has a number of aspects that need to be improved. One of the main problems of this work is the fact that the authors use only one trajectory of civilization development when constructing models, while The example of human civilizations clearly shows the non-triviality and versatility of the development paths of civilizations. It is also worth noting the need for a more substantiated provision of data and a detailed display of the principles of training artificial intelligence in the process of constructing models of behavior and the evolution of civilizations. This study creates a good basis for modeling interactions between civilizations, and after a number of improvements can play an important role in the context of SETI, considering the existence, cooperation, conflicts and their resolution between civilizations in the universe, especially when these civilizations have different moral standards and political systems, and will also be able to model possible evolution paths not only for extraterrestrial civilizations, but also for humans. Moreover, the study will be able to provide an idea of ​​the potential risks and benefits of human interaction with extraterrestrial civilizations, which is of crucial importance when humans develop safer and more pragmatic strategies for future space missions.

The article "The Astrobiology of the Anthropocene" explores the impact of human activity on the Earth and its ecosystems in the context of astrobiology. The authors consider how anthropogenic changes such as climate change, loss of biodiversity, and pollution may affect the future of life on the planet and the possibility of life on other planets. The focus is on how the Anthropocene, an era in which humanity became a significant geological and biological factor, can change our understanding of life and its sustainability. The article also discusses how these changes may affect the search for extraterrestrial civilizations and the understanding of what conditions are necessary for the emergence and maintenance of life. The authors emphasize the importance of taking into account anthropogenic factors in astrobiology and the need to develop sustainable approaches to preserving life on Earth and beyond.

The article "Implications of a search for intergalactic civilizations on prior estimates of human survival and travel speed" delves into the profound implications that the quest for extraterrestrial life holds for humanity's future, survival, and our understanding of interstellar travel. The article posits that discovering extraterrestrial civilizations could fundamentally alter our perceptions of human existence and longevity. If we find evidence of other intelligent life, it may suggest that the universe is teeming with life, which could provide hope and a sense of belonging within a vast cosmos. Conversely, the absence of such civilizations might indicate a "Great Filter"—a hypothesis suggesting that intelligent life tends to self-destruct before achieving interstellar communication or travel. This could lead to a reevaluation of our existential risks and the urgency with which we must address issues like climate change, nuclear proliferation, and other threats to our survival. Also the article tells us about the success or failure of the search for extraterrestrial life has critical implications for humanity's long-term survival. If we find that other civilizations have thrived, it may inspire confidence in our capacity to overcome challenges and expand beyond Earth. However, if we remain alone in the universe, it could prompt a more introspective look at our behaviors and choices, potentially fostering a stronger commitment to ensuring the sustainability of human life on our planet and beyond. The article discusses the technological hurdles that currently limit our ability to engage in intergalactic travel. It reviews various theoretical propulsion methods, such as warp drives and wormholes, and emphasizes that breakthroughs in physics and engineering are essential for humanity to embark on meaningful journeys beyond our solar system. New discoveries in astrophysics could redefine our understanding of distance and time in space travel, leading to more optimistic projections about the feasibility of reaching distant star systems. Beyond scientific and technological implications, the article raises significant ethical questions. What responsibilities would we have toward other intelligent beings? How would our interactions with them shape our moral frameworks? The article urges readers to consider humanity's role in the universe and the potential consequences of our actions, both on Earth and in our future interactions with other civilizations.
In conclusion, the article emphasizes that the search for extraterrestrial civilizations is not merely a scientific inquiry but a multifaceted exploration that intertwines existential, technological, and ethical dimensions. It challenges us to reflect on our place in the cosmos, the future of our species, and the moral obligations we may hold toward other forms of life.

The article investigates the possibility that some interstellar objects of unknown origin, such as 'Oumuamua, could be remnants of advanced technology from extraterrestrial civilizations. It presents statistical models to estimate the abundance of these technological objects in the galaxy, suggesting they may be more prevalent than previously assumed. Autors propose a model for calculating the quantity of natural or artificial interstellar objects of interest based on the object's velocity and observed density, which is then applied to three previously discovered interstellar objects - the object 'Oumuamua and the first interstellar meteors CNEOS 2014-01-08 and CNEOS 2017-03-09. The authors emphasize the necessity for improved observational techniques and methodologies to effectively identify and study these interstellar objects. The pursuit of understanding interstellar objects may drive innovation in technology and engineering: as researchers develop new tools and techniques for detection and analysis, this could lead to advancements in various technologies that have applications beyond astronomy, such as data analysis, materials science and robotics.  Also the research has important implications for the field of astrobiology, potentially reshaping our understanding of intelligent life beyond Earth. The article encourages reflection on humanity's role in the universe and our responsibilities regarding technological development and environmental stewardship. If we were to encounter a technological object of extraterrestrial origin, understanding the implications of such a discovery would be crucial because it would prompt discussions about communication, ethics, phylosophy and the potential for collaboration with other intelligent beings, shaping how we approach future interactions. The article encourages humanity to reflect on its own technological progress and the potential consequences of our actions.

"The Astrobiological Copernican Weak and Strong Limits for Intelligent Life" is an article that explores the implications of the Copernican principle in the context of astrobiology, particularly regarding the existence and distribution of intelligent life in the universe. It is a comprehensive work that touches on the most relevant questions about SETI and reviews the main fundamental concepts involved in the search for extraterrestrial intelligence. The Copernican principle posits that Earth is not in a central or specially favored position in the universe. The authors differentiate between two interpretations of this principle:
- Weak Copernican Limit, which suggests that while Earth is not unique, it does not imply that intelligent life is common throughout the universe;
- Strong Copernican Limit, which posits that if intelligent life exists elsewhere, it should be relatively common and observable.
A significant part of the article focuses on statistical models used to estimate the likelihood of intelligent life existing elsewhere in the universe. The authors discuss two fundamental concepts in the search for life beyond Earth: the Drake Equation - how this equation attempts to quantify factors such as star formation rates, planetary systems, and the fraction of planets that could support life-, and Fermi Paradox, the apparent contradiction between high estimates of extraterrestrial civilizations and the lack of evidence for or contact with such civilizations.The article discusses how these limits impact SETI efforts: if weak limits are true, then SETI might need to focus on specific conditions or signals rather than expecting widespread communication; if strong limits hold, then we should expect to find evidence of intelligent civilizations more readily. The authors also engage with philosophical questions surrounding intelligence and consciousness, which plays an immense role in finding ways to SETI. The article concludes with suggestions for future research directions in astrobiology and SETI, emphasizing interdisciplinary approaches combining astronomy, biology, psychology and philosophy, and advocating for more robust models that account for both weak and strong limits when designing experiments or missions aimed at discovering extraterrestrial life. The article presents a nuanced exploration of how the Copernican principle informs our understanding of life's potential distribution in the universe. The paper provides a data-driven estimate of intelligent life in the Milky Way, suggesting that even under optimistic assumptions, civilizations are rare and distant. It reinforces the idea that detection is unlikely unless civilizations are long-lived, offering a possible resolution to Fermi’s Paradox. However, the estimates hinge on Earth-centric assumptions, highlighting the need for more exoplanet data to refine the model.